STATES OF INSECTS. 239 



the Dermapt era, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and most Aptera, 

 with the neuropterous tribes of Libellulina, Epkemeriria, 

 and the genus Termes, in the class Insecta,- and the majo- 

 rity of the Arachnida. This, like the first division of 

 larvae, may be subdivided into two corresponding smaller 

 sections ; the first including those pupa? which resemble 

 the larvae, except in the relative proportion and number 

 of some of their parts ; and the second those that resem- 

 ,ble them, except in having the rudiments of wings, or of 

 wings and elytra. 



i. The first subdivision will include the pupae, if they 

 may be so called a , of insects of the Aptera order, and of 

 the class Arachnida : as, lice, Podurce, Lepismidae, centi- 

 pedes, millipedes, mites, harvest-men, spiders, scorpions, 

 &c. These mostly differ from their larvae only in that 

 the relative length or number of their legs, the number of 

 the segments of the body in some, or the development of 

 their palpi, more nearly approach the characters of the 

 perfect insect ; and in that while in their larva state they 

 have two or more skins to cast, previously to their assump- 

 tion of the imago, in their pupa state they have but one. 

 In fact, this last circumstance is the only one which, 

 strictly speaking, characterizes the pupae of this subdivi- 

 sion ; as the changes which take place in the number and 

 proportion of the organs are partly produced with each 

 change of the larva's skin. And hence, as it is not easy 

 to ascertain what number of skins a spider, for example, 

 has yet to cast, and as both the larva and pupa differ so 

 little from the perfect insect, it is very difficult to deter- 

 mine in what state insects of this division are. From 



A The terms larva and pupa, applied to the insects of this subdivi- 

 sion, are perhaps not strictly proper. 



