240 STATES OF INSECTS. 



this difficulty has probably arisen the too great multipli- 

 cation of species in some of these tribes, particularly the 

 Arachnida, the larva and pupa having been mistaken for 

 perfect insects. The pupae of this subdivision were 

 named by Linne complete, from the near resemblance 

 which they bear to the imago. 



ii. The second subdivision will include the pupae of 

 the Dei'maptera, Qrthoptera and Hemiptera orders, with 

 few exceptions ; as likewise the Libellulina, JEphemerina, 

 and Termitina ? amongst the Neuroptera : including the 

 well-known tribes of earwigs, cockroaches, crickets, 

 grasshoppers, locusts, Ian thorn-flies, froghoppers (Ci- 

 cada L.), bugs, plant-lice, dragon-flies, day-flies, white 

 ants, &c. Of these, as in the former subdivision, the 

 pupae are equally capable of eating and moving with the 

 larvae, which they resemble, except in having the rudi- 

 ments of wings, or of wings and elytra. The pupae of 

 the three orders first enumerated differ from those of the 

 Neuroptera in resembling the perfect insect in most in- 

 stances, both as to shape and the organs for taking their 

 food ; and in all other respects, except in not having their 

 wings and elytra fully developed a . The resemblance of 

 the pupae of the Libellulina and Ephemerina to the per- 

 fect insects is more distant, and the above organs in the 

 two states are very dissimilar ; for the pupae of the former 

 are furnished with a prehensory mask similar to that of 

 the larvae before described b , which the perfect insect has 



a The larvae and pupa? of many of the homopterous section of Hemi- 

 ptera differ often from the imago, not only in their fore-legs (Plate 

 XVI. Fig. 4.), but also in other respects. I have the larva of a Cen- 

 trotus from Canada, given me by Dr. Bigsby, which has a long anal 

 process or tail. b See above, p. 125— . 



