STATES OF INSECTS. 241 



not; and those of the latter with the usual oral organs of 

 masticating insects, of which the imago has scarcely the 

 rudiments. 



I have applied the term rudiments to the wings and 

 elytra in this state, not in a strict sense, but merely to 

 denote their appearance ; for in fact the wings, &c. are 

 complete, but only folded up longitudinally and trans- 

 versely, and inclosed in membranous cases, which when 

 the last change takes place remain attached to the pupa- 

 rium or pupa-case. The tegmina or hemelytra in this 

 state usually cover the wings, and the upper wings the 

 under ; but in the Libellulina both are usually visible. 

 Though commonly very small compared with the instru- 

 ments of flight in the perfect insect, some of these rudi- 

 ments, contrasted with the majority, are of considerable 

 magnitude. This is the case with those of some species 

 of Chermes, as we learn from De Geer a . 



II. The second grand division comprises by far the 

 largest number of pupae : those of all coleopterous, strepsi- 

 pterous, lepidopterous, hymenopterous, dipterous, and 

 aphanipterous, and by far the majority of neuropterous in- 

 sects, as well as the hemipterous genus Aleyrodes, and one 

 sex of Coccus of the same order. These pupae, however, 

 though agreeing in the circumstance of being unlike the 

 larvae from which they proceed, differ from each other in 

 several respects, and require to be divided into three 

 great sections, as under: — 



i. Those pupae in which the parts of the future insect, 

 being folded up under a membranous skin closely apply- 

 ing to each, are distinctly visible. To this head belong 



a iii. 135, 

 VOL, III. R 



