'242 STATES OF INSECTS. 



generally, the pupae of coleopterous a and hymenopterous 

 insects ; those of the neuropterous genera Myrmeleon and 

 Hemervbius, &c. ; the Trickoptera ; amongst the Diptera, 

 Culex, Tipula L., Tabanus, Bombylius, &c; and that of the 

 flea (Pulex). These were the incomplete pupae of Linne. 



ii. Those pupae in which the parts of the future insect, 

 being folded up under a harder skin, are less distinctly 

 discoverable. To this subdivision belong the pupae of all 

 Lepidoptera, and of them alone. These are what Linne 

 termed obtected pupae. 



iii. Those pupae which are inclosed in the thick and 



opaque skin of the larva, through which no trace of the 



perfect insect can be discovered. These, which Linne 



termed coarctate pupae, include a large proportion of the 



dipterous genera; as CEstrus L., Musca L., Empis L., 



Conops L., &c. &c. b 



a The pupee of Cassida, Imatidium, &c. seem to vary somewhat from 

 this type, the upper part being neither membranous nor exhibiting 

 distinctly the form of the inclosed imago. 



b The following arrangement of pupae is perhaps in some respects 

 better than that above given. But it is scarcely possible to propose 

 one free from objections. 



I. Capable of eating and walking. 



i. Like the perfect insect, except in proportion and number 

 of parts. 



1. Except in proportion (Lice, Podurce, Mites, Spiders, 



Scorpions, &c). 



2. Except in proportion and number (Centipedes, Mille- 



pedes'). 

 ii. With rudiments of the organs of flight. 



1 . With oral organs resembling those of the perfect in- 



sect (Hemiptera). 



2. With oral organs differing from those of the perfect 



insect (Libellula L., Ephemera L.). 

 II. Incapable of eating and walking, 

 i. Incomplete pupae, 

 ii. Obtected. 

 iii. Coarctate. 



