256 STATES OF INSECTS. 



their several places of confinement a : you will find these 

 in the pupa of the great goat-moth (Cossus ligniperda) ; 

 and in the cylindrical pupa of the moth called the ghost 

 (Hepialus Humuli F.) there are two rows of sharp trian- 

 gular spines on the back of each segment. These are not 

 laid flat, but, as they do also in the Cosstis, form an acute 

 angle with the body ; which gives them greater power of 

 resistance. Those that constitute the row nearest the 

 base of the segment are longer than the anterior row, 

 the middle spines than the lateral ones. The first and 

 last segment are without them, and the last segment but 

 one has a sharp ventral transverse ridge, armed with 

 many sharp teeth b . The abdominal spines lately men- 

 tioned, of semicomplete pupae, are also adminicula. 



The tail of this description of pupae is in many in- 

 stances armed with a mucro, or sharp point, emerging 

 from its upper side. You will see this in most hawk- 

 moths. In the pupa of Hesperia Proteus the mucro is 

 truncate at the apex ; in that of Bombyx imperatoria it is 

 long, and terminates in two diverging points. In the 

 majority of chrysalises of both descriptions the tail is 

 acute, and usually furnished with hooks of different kinds. 

 These are so various in shape and number, &c. that they 

 would probably afford good characters for discriminating 

 many allied species. In some there are but two or three, 

 in others five or six, in others they are more numerous c . 

 Sometimes they are quite straight d , but most commonly 

 recurved, so as to form a hook. The hawk-moths, and a 



a See above, Vol. II. p. 300. 



b This description was taken from ajmpariam in my own cabinet ; 

 it is similarly described by De Geer i. 490. t. vii./. 2. 



c Plate XXIII. Fig. S, 9. a Kliemann Beitrage, 304. 



