258 STATES or INSECTS. 



females of these having not only no wings, but no anten- 

 nae, and legs not longer than those of the larva, their 

 pupa more resembles that of a dipterous than of a lepi- 

 dopterous insect, it being not easy to determine which is 

 the head and which the tail a . 



In these too we can often learn from the outline of the 

 wing-cases, whether the inhabitant of the chrysalis has 

 these organs indented or intire. If the former, the mar- 

 gins of these cases are sinuate, as in that of Vanessa 

 C. album ; if the latter, they are intire, as in Piey^is Bras- 

 sicce. Even in conical pupse, — the size, the shape of the 

 antennae, which may be distinguished through the skin 

 that covers them, and slight modifications of the ordi- 

 nary form, — give indications of the genus of the included 

 insect sufficiently conclusive to a practised eye. 



The true figure of coarctate pupae when they are ma- 

 ture, the parts of the future fly being very visible, and 

 each being included in a separate case b , is that of those 

 that belong to the incomplete division ; but as this is a 

 character not cognizable without dissection, it is customary, 

 in speaking of pupae of this description, to refer solely to 

 the shape of the exterior covering, which is in fact a cocoon 

 formed of the dried skin of the larva moulded into a dif- 

 ferent form. In this sense the figure of coarctate pupae is 

 extremely various. The majority of them are more or less 

 oval or elliptical, without any distinct parts, were it not 

 that they usually retain traces of the segments which com- 

 posed the larva's body c . Of this figure are the pupae of the 

 common cheese-maggot d , and many other flies. Others 



a Von Scheven in Naturf stk. xx. 64. t. ii./. 4. 



b Plate XVII. Fig. 2. Lesser L. t. ii. /. 26. 



c Plate XVII. Fig. 1. Lesser L. /. ii./. 24, 25. 



d Whether M. Meigen has separated this fly generically from 



