310 STATES OF INSECTS. 



very long, as in Dynastes Enema, Pan, Elephas a . In 

 one, again, it is thick and robust; as in the clumsy Dy- 

 nastes Action b : in another very slender, as in Ontho- 

 phagus spinifer c . With respect to its direction in Ele- 

 phastomus proboscideus MacLeay, it is horizontal d and 

 straight ; in Phaleria cornuta horizontal and broken, or 

 the apex turning outwards and forming an angle with the 

 base e ; in Dynastes Hercules horizontal, and recurved 

 at the apex f ; in D. Action, Elepkas, and Typhon, re- 

 curving from the base. In Geotrupes dispar it is re- 

 curved, so that its point exactly coincides with that of 

 the porrected thoracic horn, with which it forms a kind of 

 forceps s. In Copris lunaris F. and Diaperis horrida, the 

 horn is nearly upright h . In Onthophagus Xiphias it is di- 

 lated at the base, and reclining upon the thorax ; and at 

 the apex attenuated, and bending forwards, or nodding. 

 In Passalus comutus it rises a little, and then bends wholly 

 forwards. In Dynastes Milon, a most remarkable beetle, 

 it slopes backwards in a waving line ' ; and in Onthophagus 

 spinifer it is recurved and reclining. — In speaking of the 

 direction of the horn, you must recollect that it will vary 

 in proportion as the head varies from a horizontal posi- 

 tion : so that an upright horn will become inclined or 

 reclined, as the head bends forwards or backwards ; but 

 I speak of it as it appears when the head is horizontal. 



a Oliv. ScarabcBus, t.xii.f 114. /. xv.f. 1.38. a. 



h Ibid. t. w.f. 33. >■ ibid. t. xii./. 112. 



'' Linn. Trans, vi. t. xix.f. 12. i. xx.f. 2. 



" Oliv. no. 57- Tenebrio, I. i.f. 2. 



f Oliv. ubi supr. No. 3. t. i.f. 1. 



* Oliv. no. 3. *.iii./.20. a. 



'' Ibid. no. 5.5. Diaperis, I. i.f. 3. 



1 Oliv, ScarabcBus, I. xx./". 185. 



