330 STATES OF INSECTS. 



apex, and nearly in a horizontal position ; while in the 

 three others they are much shorter, and inclined towards 

 the horizon. The males of some species of liynchites, as 

 R. Bacchus and Populi a , are also armed with a pair of 

 lateral horns or spines, which may be termed pectoral 

 rather than dorsal. 



I shall now advert to the sexual characters that are to 

 be found in the instruments of motion attached to the 

 trunk — beginning with those for fight. In the female of 

 the common glow-worm [Lampyris noctiluca) not the 

 slightest vestige of elytra or wings is visible, and it re- 

 sembles a larva rather than a perfect insect ; yet its mate 

 is a true beetle furnished with both. The same circum- 

 stance distinguishes the female cockroach (Blatta) and 

 is more universally prevalent in that genus than in Lam- 

 pyris, in which a large number of females have both ely- 

 tra and wings. The males of Bombyx antiqua and Gono- 

 stigma, and of many other moths, have wings of the usual 

 ample dimensions, while those of their females are merely 

 rudiments. This is the case, also, with some of the Ich- 

 ncumonidce b . In the tribes of Ants, Termites, &c. the 

 neuters or workers are without wings. Amongst the 

 plant-lice (Aphides) there are individuals of both sexes, 

 some of which have wings, and others not c . Amongst 

 the Coleoptera, the female of Tenebrio Molitor, the com- 

 mon meal-worm, has elytra and no wings; while the 

 male has both d . — Sometimes these organs vary in size 

 in the sexes : thus in Aradus Betulce F., a kind of bug, 

 the hemelytra and wings are narrower and shorter in the 



a Oliv. no. 81. Attclabus t. n.f. 27. b. 28. 



b De Gecr ii. t xxxi./. 18—22. r - Ibid. iii. 21. 



d Lesser L i. 185. 



