guidelines for forest protec- 

 tion. Such research has 

 been supplemented by 

 annual surveys of insect 

 and disease conditions 

 conducted cooperatively by 

 administrative and research 

 agencies (e.g., USDA Forest 

 Service 1980b). 



Among the many scientists 

 making major contributions 

 to knowledge of forest 

 diseases was George 

 Hepting, author of the 1971 

 volume "Diseases of Forest 

 and Shade Trees," an 

 important fundamental 

 work for American forest 

 pathologists. Scientists in 

 the Bureau of Plant Industry 

 and in the Forest Service 

 after 1954 dominated forest 

 disease research in the 

 South for many years, but 

 after 1960 universities 

 began adding pathologists 

 to their staffs. Many of these 

 researchers transferred 

 after long experience in 

 Federal service, including 

 J.S. Boyce, Jr., E.F. Jewell, 

 E.P. Van Arsdell, E.R. Toole, 

 and A.F. Verrall. 



One of the more serious 

 diseases in the South, the 

 brownspot needle disease 

 of longleaf pine, was the 

 subject of early investiga- 



tions by H.H. Chapman, of 

 Yale University, during the 

 1920's. His work, followed 

 by the studies of Paul 

 Siggers and other patholo- 

 gists during the 1930's and 

 1940's, demonstrated meth- 

 ods of control through 

 prescibed burning during 

 the seedling stage of tree 

 development (e.g., Siggers 

 1944). The fungicides 

 Bordeaux mixture and 

 benomyl were found to be 

 effective in protecting plant- 

 ing stock in tree nurseries. 



Fusiform rust, another highly 

 destructive disease of 

 southern pines, particularly 

 slash and loblolly, also has 

 been the subject of much 

 research by both patholo- 

 gists and geneticists. Care- 

 ful selection of seed from 

 more-resistant sources has 

 been the principal way of 

 dealing with this disease, 

 and spraying with ferbam 

 has helped provide control 

 (Mexal and Snow 1978). 

 Much of the accumulated 

 knowledge of this disease 

 has been summarized in 

 proceedings of a sympo- 

 sium on management of 

 fusiform rust in southern 

 pines (Dinus and others 

 1977). 



36 



