commissions, particularly 

 on production and manage- 

 ment of quail, deer, and 

 turkey. These studies have 

 been financed in considera- 

 ble part by "Pittman- 

 Robertson funds" derived 

 from Federal excise taxes 

 on sales of arms and 

 ammunition. 



With the emphasis on 

 environmental considera- 

 tions in recent years, man- 

 agers of public lands such 

 as national forests have 

 also given increasing atten- 

 tion to management pro- 

 grams that recognize 

 nongame wildlife habitat 

 requirements. The South- 

 eastern Forest Experiment 

 Station and Clemson Univer- 

 sity, for example, have 

 provided comprehensive 

 descriptions of bird-habitat 

 relationships for some 234 

 bird species found in south- 

 ern forests (Hamel and 

 others 1982). Studies of 

 endangered species such 

 as the red-cockaded wood- 

 pecker have been undertak- 

 en to determine possible 

 means of sustaining remain- 

 ing populations (Hooper 

 and others 1980). 



These investigations of 

 wildlife communities and 



habitat requirements have 

 shown the need for a 

 diversity of tree species, 

 stand ages and habitat, 

 and retention of snags and 

 cavity trees for some 

 species. It is apparent that 

 such measures directly 

 affect timber rotation ages, 

 silvicultural methods, and 

 timber-harvesting tech- 

 niques. To forest managers 

 on public lands at least, 

 knowledge of such relation- 

 ships has become essential 

 for achieving an acceptable 

 balance between timber 

 and other nontimber uses, 

 such as wildlife, grazing, 

 and recreation. 



Recreational uses of south- 

 ern forests have long includ- 

 ed hunting for deer, quail, 

 and squirrels as part of the 

 culture of the rural South. 

 This has often led to sharp 

 conflicts with modern 

 timber-growing practices. In 

 partial response, pulp and 

 paper companies and other 

 large landowners (including 

 the Forest Service) have 

 generally permitted public 

 hunting and often manage 

 their forest land to increase 

 hunting opportunities. Some 

 industrial and other large 

 owners lease forest lands 

 to selected hunting groups 



58 



