86 A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF BORNEO. 
cous scales at base of fore-wing. Hind-wing, fuscous with 
plumbous tinge across the disc to inner margin. Apex of fore- 
wing more obtuse and hind-margin more rounded than in the 
male. Underside. As in male, except that the striae are 
more distinct, and that a hind-marginal row of indistinct dark 
spots can be seen in both wings. 
JIG), Hie 8), a0) oat, Seperate (at pal, 
Types. (Male and femal e) Matang Road, near Kuching, 
Sarawak, February 22nd and 23rd, 1911 (Sar. Mus.). 
Taken commonly in the same locality during the first four 
months of the year (1911). Dedicated. to Mr. H. H. Druce 
to whom I owe much for continued help in the preparation of 
this paper. He examined this species (among many others) 
for me and writes that, in his opinion, it is quite distinct from 
L. massalia, Doherty, although allied to it—a species which 
occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Java and Sumatra. He notes 
that in drucei the discal spot above is much bluer and more 
defined, and below, the ground colour appears to be plumbous 
white, which is not the case in massalia; further, that the 
margins are more even than in massalia, where they are slight- 
ly scolloped, while in staudingert and distanti they are more 
scolloped. 
One of the females has a small piece out of the anal angle 
of the left hind-wing, suggestive of an attack made by a bird 
or lizard enemy. It is curious that out of some 200 Gerydinae 
examined, this is the only specimen bearing any signs of an 
attack." 
— 
1. For the importance of recording the evidence of attacks made on butter- 
flies by their enemies and for an interesting discussion on this problem, see 
Essays on Evolution by Professor E. B. Poulton, F. R. S. 1908. pp. 70, 
281-3,304 and 325. It is due to the suggestive remarks of Professor Poulton 
that I have carefully noted all the signs of injuries exhibited in the Bornean 
Lycaenidae examined by me, descriptions of which will be found throughout 
this paper. The accumulation of such records is of general value in helping to 
refute certain statements made now and again in entomological circles, namely 
that butterflies are xot subject to such severe attacks as has been frequently 
claimed ; the:authors basing their statements as a rule on the paucity of direct 
observations, without taking into account the mass of indirect evidence, which, 
though available in most large collections, is not often recognized, or the im- 
portant evidence adduced from the examination of birds’ stomachs for instance. 
The special interest of the observations made in this paper lies in the support 
given by them to the theory of Directive Markings, eg. as exhibited by the anal 
markings and tails in many Theclinae, which are rendered conspicuous in order 
to direct an enemy’s attack to a non-vital part. Hence the absence of attacks 
noted on the Gerydinae, which rely on a different method for protection, namely 
that of procryptic colouring. (See concluding paragraph on this subject under 
553.— Virachola smilis on page 173 of this paper). That there are relatively 
few instances noted in this paper is due to the fact that nearly all the 
specimens examined belong to a collection of ‘‘naturally selected’’ good 
specimens—the careful work of native collectors and Museum Curators for the 
last 20 years! I should also add that no mention is made of worn and damaged 
specimens, whose injuries might be attributed to other causes. 
Jour, Straits Branch 
