108 INTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 
in the latter the gullet is dilated into a crop which in- 
cludes a gizzard in which the skill of a Divine artist 
is singularly conspicuous :—though so minute as scarcely 
to exceed a large pin’s head in size, it is stated to be 
armed internally with more than 400 pairs of teeth, 
moved by an infinitely greater number of muscles*. A 
transverse section of this gizzard represents two concen- 
tric stars, with nine rays each: the object of this struc- 
ture is, the comminution of the timber which this beetle 
has to perforate and probably devour’. The stomach 
is very slender, but dilates in the middle into a spherical 
vesicle’, and there are only ¢wo pairs of bile-vessels°. 
In the Capricorn beetles, the part we are considering 
varies much: in general we may observe that it is more 
than double the length of the body, that the stomach is 
long and slender, and usually naked, that the gullet ter- 
minates in a crop without a distinct gizzard, and that 
there are ¢hree pairs of bile-vesselsf. In the Herbivo- 
rous beetles (Chrysomela L. Cassida L.) the canal is more 
than double the length of the body, and in some much 
longer ®, the stomach is long, and commonly naked; but 
in Chrysomela violacea it is covered with hemispherical 
prominences", and in Chrysomela Populi it is shaggy'; 
in the insect last named and Galleruca Vitelline the rec- 
tum consists of two pieces*. In this tribe the intestines 
of the larva resemble those of the perfect insect!. 
In the Orthoptera the alimentary canal, which conti- 
* Ramdohr 98. ¢. x. f. 2—4. From Ramdohr’s figure, compared 
with the size of the insect, it appears that the gizzard could scarcely 
have been of greater diameter. edtids f. 2. 
¢ See Curtis in Linn. Trans. i. 88. ¢ Ramdohr ¢. x. f. 1. d. 
©: Fbid. U1. f Ibid. tix. f.1, 2. t. xi. f. 3. t. xxiv. f. 1, 2. 
8 Ibid. 103. " Ibid. 104. t. vi. f. 4. D, ' Tbid. f22. B: 
¥ Ibid. t. vi. f. 3. E. ' Ibid. 101. 
