462 HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
fectly needless. The principal merit of this system is the 
division of insects, tacitly pointed out by Fabricius, into 
two groups or subclasses, from the mode in which they 
take their food. 
Lamarck,—whose merits as a Zoologist, except in one 
point*, are of the highest order,—in his Systeme des Ani- 
maux sans Vertebres, which was published in 1801, adopts 
the above division of insects; but, after Aristotle’, he 
makes the Hymenoptera an intermediate Order between 
the masticators and those that take their food by suction ; 
he places the Lepidoptera at the head of the latter, and 
the Aphaniptera, which he denominates Aptera, at the 
end*: the Hexapod, Octopod, and Polypod Aptera he 
considers as Arachnida’. In his last great work (Hi- 
stotre Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres) he in- 
cludes the Hymenoptera amongst the masticators, and 
reverses the disposition of his Orders, beginning with 
his Aptera and ending with the Coleoptera®. 
M. Cuvier, in his Anatomie Comparée (1805) divided 
Insecta into two subclasses, from the presence or ab- 
sence of maxille: thus— 
With Mawille. Without Maczille. 
1. Gnathaptera. 1. Hemiptera. 
2. Neuroptera. 2. Lepidoptera. 
3. Hymenoptera. 3. Diptera. 
4. Coleoptera. 4. Aptera. 
5. Orthoptera. 
His Gnathaptera include the Isopod Crustacea, the 
* Vot. III. p. 349, note °. * See above p. 423. 
° Syst. des Anim. sans Vertébr. 185. 4 Ibid. 171. 
* Anim. sans Vertebr. iii. 332—. 
