Class 

 names. 



362 MONMOHAN" CHAKRAVARTI ON 



(ii) Prdna-sata-sahasrdni (G.i. 9), prana-sata-sahasrani (S. i. 2, M. i. 4), pdnasaha- 



sdni (K. i. 3), pdna-sata-sahasdni (J. i. 3), pdna-sata-sa... (Dh. i. 3) ; prdnd 



(G. i. 11, 12), prana, prana-trayo (S. i. 3), pranani (M. i. \),pdndni (K. i. 3, 



4, J. i. 4, Dh. 1.4, one eff.) ; prdndnam (G. iii. 5, iv. 6, xi. 3), prananam (S, 



iii 6 pra., iv. 8, ix. 19, xi. 24, M. iv. 14), pdndnam (K. iii. 8, iv. 10, ix. 25. 



xi 30, J. iv. 17, Dh. iv. 15, Ds. vii. 2. 10), pranana (M. iii. 11, ix. 5, xi. 13) ; 



prdn-drambho (G.iv. 1), pran-arambho (S. iv. 'j),pran-arambhe(M. iv. 12), pdn- 



dlambhe (K. iv. 9, J. iv. 14, Dh. iv. 12); pdnesu (G. ix. 5), pdnam (K. ix. 25), 



pdnesu, (J. ix. 6, Dh. eff.) ; prana-'sata-sahasre (S. xi. 1), prana-sa....(M. xi. 1), 



pdna-sata-saha'se (K. xi. 35, G. effaced) ; pdna-sata-sahasesu (Ds. iv. 3, R. iv. 4, 



Mat. iv. 18, rest eff., Ds. vii. 2. 1) ; pdna-sahasesu (J. sp. i. 2, Dh. sp. i. 4.); 



pranesu (Si. i. 9, ii. and iii. eff.). 



[Cf. d-pdna-ddkhindye (Ds. ii. 13, Dm. ii. 6); and d-pdna-dakhindye (A. ii. 



6, R. ii. 9, Mat. ii. 10, Ram. eff.] 



(iii) Bhutdnam (G. iv. 1, 6, K. iv. 9, 10, vi. 20, Ds. vii. 2. 9) ; bhutanam (S. iv. 



7, 8, vi. 16, M. iv. 12, vi. 30); bhutana (M. iv. 14); bhutdnam (]. 

 eff. and iv. 17, Dh. iv. 12, 15, G. vi. 11, J. eff., Dh. vi. 32); agra-bhuti 

 (S. xiii. 4, G. eff.) ; ag>a-bhu (M. xiii. 4) ; aga-bhuta (K. xiii. 37) ; 

 sava-bhfitdnam (G. xiii. 7) ; savra-bhutana (S. xiii. 8, M. eff.) ; Sava-bhu 

 (K. xiii. 4). 



(iv) Jdtdni (Ds. v. 2, A. v. 20, R. v. 1, Mat. v. 2, Dm. eff., Ds. vii. 2. 9). 

 N.B.— For a different meaning (disposition), See /ofeAs' (J. sp. i. 5, Dh. 

 sp. i. 10) ; jdtdni (J. sp. i. 6) ; jdtd (Dh. sp. i. 12). 



(v) Pasu-cikicchd (G. ii. 5) ; pa'su-cikisa (S. ii. 4, M - ii- 7) J pasu-cikisd (K. ii. 5, 

 J. ii. 8) ; pi. i. isd (Dh. ii. 6); pas-opagdni (G. ii. 6, K. ii. 5) ; pa's-opakdni 

 (S. ii. 5) ; pa-kani (M. ii. 7) ; pasu-opagani (J. ii. 8, Dh. ii. 7) ; pasu- 

 manusanam (G. ii. 8), pa'su-manusanam (S. ii. 5), pa'su-manu$ana (M. ii. 8), 

 pasu-munisdnam (K. ii. 6. Ds. vii. 2. 3), nam (Dh. ii. 8, J. eff.). 



The above references show Xkaljtvani (living beings), pdndnam (animated beings), 

 bhutdnam (existing beings), and jdtdni (born beings), all these generally mean animals 

 in the widest sense including man, as opposed to plants and inanimate things. But the 

 words pdna in rock edict I. and jiva in the pillar edict V. seem to be restricted by the 

 context to lower animals only ; while the words bhutdnam in the rock edict VI, and 

 pidva in the rock edict XIII. and pillar edict IV. are restricted apparently to man only. 

 Pas u has been used to mean beasts, as contrasted with munz'sa, man. It may have also 

 the specidl meaning of cattle, as given in the later vedic literature such as Satapatha- 

 brahmana (vi. 2. 1. 2, 4). 



From the pillar edicts the following classes of animals have been named : — 



Dupada-catupadesii pakhi-vdlicalcsu (Ds. ii. 12-13, A. ii. 6, R. ii- 8 > IVTat. ii. 9-10, 

 Ram. ii. 7), vdlicak (Dm. ii. 5). 



Catupade (Ds. v. 7, A. v. 22, R. v. 4, Mat. v. 5, Dm. eff.). 



Macehe (Ds. v. 13, Dm. v. 6, R. v. 8. Mat. v. 9, A eff.). 



