370 



MONMOHAN CHAKRAVARTI ON 



The five allowed in the old days included the tortoise and the porcupine (Vis. li. 6 ; 

 Yajnya. I. 117; Gaut. xvii. 27 ; Vas. xiv. 39 ; Manu v. 18 ; Apastamba I. 5. 17. 37 ; Baudh. 

 ... • I. 5. 12.5). The tortoise flesh was prescribed in the Srdddha, as specially acceptable to 

 the Fathers (Vis. lxxx. n, xv. 1-15; Gaut. xv. 15; Manu iii. 270). Gradually the idea 

 changed and the later Dharma-sutras laid down a small penance. Sankha quoting the 

 text about their permissibility lays down the penance (xvii. 2 2); but the others entirely 

 ignore the old dictum (Parasara vi. 10, Usanas ix. 24). 



Squirrel. ( x i x ) Pamna'sa'se (in all). 



Sansk. parna-'sa'sa. 



Following the analogy of parna-mrga, Biihler has identified this animal with the 

 large white-bellied red squirrel. 



Srmara. (xx) Simalc (in all). 



Sansk. srmara. Known from very early times (Taitt. sam. v. 5. 16 ; Vaj. sarh. xxiv. 36). 

 It belonged, according to Caraka, to the class anupa (Sutra xxvii. 37), and according to 

 Susruta, to the same class, sub-class kula-cara (Sutra , Ch. xlvi). Susruta says the flesh 

 of srmara is astringent following sweetness, allayer of wind and liver (-humours) and an 

 increaser of semen (Sutra , Ch. xlvi). Caraka speaks only generally about the flesh of the 

 aniipas (Sutra xxvii. 65). 



The eating of Srmara flesh is not permitted in any of the Dharmasutras. 



Bull. (xxi) The bull. 



Samdakt (in all). 



This is defined as a bull set free. But in the Dharma-and Grhya-sutras a bull set 

 free is called utsrsta vrsa, and the ceremony vrs-otsarga (Vis. lxxxvi ; Paraskara Gr. 

 su. iii. 9 ; Sankh. Gr. su. iii. 11 ; cf. Manu viii. 242 ; Yajft. ii. 163 ; Atri 55). 



Okapimde. (xxii) Okapimde (in all, eff. in A.) ; 



Cf. ukkapindc in the Mahavagga, vi. 2>i> 5- 



Biihler thinks that the word refers to the godhds or the large lizards. Doubtful. 

 Godhds are known from very early times (Rg. x. 28. 10), and was one of the five-toed 

 animals permitted to be eaten by the older Dharma-sutrakars. 



Rhinoceros. (xxiii) The rhinoceros. 



alasatc (in all, eff. in A.). 



Cf. the Jatakas, pajdsadd, paldsajd, pallasadd, palasatd (535, v. 406, verse 76 ; 545, 

 vi. 277, verse 67), its commentary — balasatd. 



Biihler has rightly identified it with the rhinoceros. Buddhaghosa in his commen- 

 tary to the Jatakas distinctly says so ; P° ti khagga (v. 406, line 30), P° ti khagga-migd 

 (vi. 277, line 27). 



The Khadga is mentioned in older vedic literature such as Maitrayani-sarhhita iii. 

 14. 21 ; Vaja. sarh. xxiv. 40; San. Sr. su. xiv. 33, 20 (khariga). 



