Fowl. 



372 MONMOHAN CHAKRAVARTI ON 



Cf. elaka-pddaka° Kulavagga vi. 2. 4 ; and in the Jatakas, elaka (8, i. 166 ; 437,. 

 iii. 532), elikd (426, iii. 480 ; 481 ; 437, iii. 533), aj-elakd-dayo (347, iii. 146). 

 (c) Sukali, sukale (in all). 



Cf. sukara in Mahaparinibbana-sutra ; and in the Jatakas sukaram, and sukari 

 (283, ii. 409 ; 388, iii. 286 ; 492, iv. 350). 



Of the above, Piyadasi prohibited the killing of such females which were pregnant or 

 giving milk. 



The goat, the ram, and the hog as boar can be traced to the earliest times known. 

 The car of the god Pusan was drawn by goats ; for vardha see Rk. sarh. i. 114. 5 ; viii. 77. 

 10 ; for sukara, see Vaj. sarh. xxiv. 40. 



The goat's flesh has continued to be taken to date. The mutton is not in favour, 

 though not denounced in N. India. The pork has entirely ceased to be eaten except among 

 the lowest classes. It was not so in the older days. Buddha's last illness (Rg.-sarh. vi. 55. 

 3, 4, 16) (diarrhoea) is said to have been caused by eating dried boar's flesh, sukara-madda- 

 ram (Mahaparin. sutra, J.R.A.S. viii. p. 231). For further evidence as to its eating see 

 the Jatakas 30, i. 197; 283, ii. 406; 286, ii. 419. Gradually, as in the case of many 

 other animals, the ideas of the higher classes changed. In Vasistha's time (xiv. 47) the 

 eating of the flesh of the pig [gramya sukara) came to be a disputed point, i.e., allowed 

 by some and forbidden by others. Traces of its eating still remained in the Sraddhas 

 when vardha flesh was recommended for the Fathers (Gaut. xv. 15; Manu. iii. 270; Yajn. 

 i. 259; Usanas iii. 136; Mahabh. Anus. P. lxxxviii. 6). But its general eating was for- 

 bidden (Baudh. i. 5. 12. 3 ; Gaut. xvii. 29 ; Apast. i. 5. 17. 29 ; Manu. v. 19 ; Mahabhasya 

 i. 1, 1. p. 5, 1. 18, abhaksyo grdmya-'sukarah) and involved a penance (Gaut. xxiii. 5; 

 Manu. xi. 157; Safikha ix. 27; Vasistha xxiii. 30). The intentional killing of a vardha 

 necessitated a penance (Gaut. xxii. 24; Manu. xi. 135; Vis. 1. 36; Yajn. iii. 273 ; Usanas 

 ix. 10; Samvartta 142 ; Parasara vi. 13 ; Sankha xvii. 20). 



The vardha is put in the class Anupa (Sar. Sutra xxvii. 37 ; sub-class kula-cara, 

 Susr. Sutra Ch. xlvi.) The flesh of boar is cooling, maker of blood, increaser of semen, 

 remover of fatigue and wind (-humour), strengthener, palatable, causer of perspiration, 

 and heavy to eat (Car. Sutra xxvii. 77-8 ; cf. Sus. ch. xlvi). 



(xxviii) The fowl. 

 vadhi-kukuti (in all, A. eff.). 



Cf. kukkuta, Jatakas 19, i. 436 ; 50, i. 259 ; 284, ii. 441 ; et seq., Kukkuhd (535, v^ 

 406; 545, vi. 276). 



The fowl is known from early times (Vaj. sam. i. 16 ; Sat.br. i. 1. 4. 18). It is classed 

 under viskira (Car. Sutra xxvii. 45 ; Sus. Sutra. Ch. xlvi). The flesh of the wild cock is 

 said to increase blood, and to cure wind-disease, anaemia, vomiting, and irregular chronic 

 fever. The village (domesticated?) cock's flesh has similar effects but is heavier to 

 digest (Sus. Sutra Ch. xlvi ; cf. Car. Sutra xxvii. 64). 



That the fowl was eaten in old days is evident from the Jatakas (383, iii. 365 ; 445, iv.- 

 39 ; 447, iv. 56), but it is not permitted in any of the existing Dharma-sutras. Its eating 



