hardwoods — continued 



Lumber or trade name Recognized common name Botanical name 



Sycamore American sycamore Platanus occidentalis 



| Swamp tupelo Nyssa biflora 



I Water tupelo N. aquatica 



Walnut Black walnut Juglans nigra 



Willow Black willow Salix nigra 



Tupelo . 



Forest Types 



Loblollv pine, pond pine, longleaf pine, Virginia pine. — 

 Stands in which pines make up 25 percent or more ot the 

 dominant and codominant stems with loblolly, pond, 

 lorigleaf, or Virginia pine, respectively, predominating. 



Shortleaf pine. — Stands in which pines make up 25 percent or more of 

 the dominant and codominant stems with shortleaf pine predominating. 

 Includes Table Mountain and pitch pine in the mountains. 



White pine. — Stands in which pines make up 25 percent or more of the 

 dominant and codominant stems with white pines predominating. 

 Hemlock, red spruce, and Fraser fir are included although they form 

 distinct types on limited areas. 



Upland hardwoods. — Stands in which mixed oaks, hickories, chestnut, 

 and other hardwoods make up 75 percent or more of the dominant and 

 codominant stems. 



Cove hardwoods. — Stands in which yellowpoplar, cucumbertree, red 

 maple, white ash, black birch, buckeye, and basswood make up 75 per- 

 cent or more of the dominant and codominant stems. Limited to the 

 mountain region. 



Bottom-land hardwoods. — Stands in which sweetgum, tupelo, cypress, 

 oaks, and other bottom-land and swamp species make up 75 percent or 

 more of the dominant and codominant stems. 



Diameter Classification 



D. b. h. (diameter at breast height). — Diameter, outside of bark, 

 measured at 4.5 feet above average ground level. 



Diameter class. — All trees were recorded in 2-inch diameter classes, 

 including diameters 1 inch below and 0.9 above the stated midpoint-, e. g., 

 trees 7 to 8.9 inches are placed in the 8-inch class. 



Tree Classes 



Sound sawlog-size tree. — A softwood tree at least 9 inches d. b. h., or 

 a hardwood tree at least 13 inches d. b. h. with not less than one sound 

 butt log 12 feet long, or with 50 percent of the gross volume of the tree 

 sound saw timber. 



Sound under-sawlog-size tree. — A tree over 1 inch d. b. h. and less than 

 sawlog size with a reasonably straight, sound stem. 



Cull tree. — A tree that fails to qualify as a sound sawlog- or under- 

 sawlog-size tree because of form, limbiness, rot, or other defect. 



Pole tree. — A pine tree that will produce a pole conforming to specifi- 

 cations of the American Standards Association. 



Forest Conditions 



Old-growth uncut. — Stands composed of trees having the character- 

 istics of the original mature timber of the region, containing at least 1 M 

 board feet per acre of merchantable species in hardwood types and 600 



board feet per acre in pine types, with less than 10 percent of the original 

 volume cut. 



Old-growth partly cut. — Old-growth stands from which 10 percent or 

 more of the volume has been cut, leaving a minimum of 1 M board feet 

 per acre in the hardwood types, or 600 board feet per acre in the pine 

 types. 



Second-growth sawlog-size uncut. — Stands of second growth having at 

 least 600 board feet per acre in trees of sawlog size, and with less than 10 

 percent of the sawlog-size trees removed. 



Second-growth sawlog-size partly cut. — Stands of second growth from 

 which 10 percent or more of the sawlog-size trees have been removed but 

 with the remaining stand containing 600 or more board feet per acre. 



Second-growth under-sawlog size. — Young second-growth stands with 

 less than 600 board feet per acre in trees of sawlog size and with the 

 remainder of the trees below sawlog size, but averaging over 1 inch d. b. h. 



Reproduction. — Stands too young to classify as second growth, having 

 at least 80 well-distributed seedlings per acre. 



Clear-cut. — Cut-over areas having insufficient young growth to qualify 

 either as second growth or reproduction. 



All-aged. — Stands composed of trees of different ages or of many small 

 even- aged groups of trees. 



Volume Estimates 



Board-foot volume. — Includes only the saw T -timber portion of sawlog- 

 size trees. Top diameters vary with the limits of usable material. 

 Deductions are made for woods cull and for loss in sawing at the mill. 



Cordwood volume. — This volume (including 'bark) embraces all of the 

 following: 



1. The sawlog portion of sawlog-size trees. 



2. The upper stems of sawlog-size softwoods and the upper stems 

 and limbs of sawlog-size hardwoods. The minimum diameter limit 

 is 4 inches outside bark. 



3. The full stem of sound under-sawlog-size trees at least 5 inches 

 d. b. h., to a variable top diameter not less than 4 inches outside bark. 



4. The estimated sound material in cull trees. 



Deductions for cull include only the volume in defects which cause the 

 material to be unsuited for cordwood. Sweep and slight crook are not 

 regarded as defects. 



Cubic-foot volume. — This volume includes the same material as the cord- 

 wood volume excepting the bark. 



International \i-inch log rule. — A rule for obtaining the board-foot 

 volume of logs derived from the following formula: / Z = (0.22D 2 — 0.71D) 

 xO.905, for 4-foot section. Taper allowance: H inch per 4 linear feet. 



Standard cord. — Equivalent to a stack of round or split wood bolts 

 measuring 4 by 4 by 8 feet, containing actual volumes of wood and bark 

 as follows: Softwoods, 90 cubic feet; hardwoods, 80 cubic feet. 



Growth and Drain 



Crowing stock. — The sum of the volumes of all sound trees 5 inches 

 d. b. h. and larger; dead and cull trees and tops ot hardwoods not included. 



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