and pasture, it is better to divide the area and develo^D 

 one part as an improved pasture, the other as woods. 

 Livestock need not always be kept out of the woodland, 

 but they should be provided with adequate forage out- 

 side it. Woods grazing should be controlled to such an 

 extent that seedling trees of the kinds desired in the 

 woods can get a start and make good growth. In a 

 woodland that is protected from fire, lack of tree seed- 

 lings in openings near seed trees may indicate that graz- 

 ing is too heavy. If necessary to prevent damage, the 

 woodland should be fenced to exclude livestock. Live- 

 stock are particularly likely to damage young trees dur- 

 ing the spring months and should not have access to 

 the farm woods at that season. 



DEVELOPING A USEFUL STAND OF TREES 



To make money for the farmer, farm woodland 

 trees must be of merchantable species and mer- 

 chantable quality. To have a good growing stock in 

 his woodland the farmer must observe these rules : 



1. In cutting, take the poorest trees that will serve 

 the purpose. Leave the better trees unless the intended 

 use demands high-quality material. This practice 

 quickly improves the quality of the tree growing stock, 

 and the opposite practice results in a rapid falling off 

 of merchantable growth and income. If a tree is too 

 poor even for rough uses on the farm, save time by 

 deadening instead of cutting it, 



2. Thin dense clumps, so that the better trees will 

 not have too much competition for soil moisture and 

 light. The spacing of crop trees reserved for further 

 growth on the basis of soundness, vigor, species, and 

 form should be corrected by practicing the "D + 6" rule. 

 According to this rule, the distance in feet separating 

 one reserved tree from another is determined by adding 

 6 to the average of their diameters in inches. Thus the 

 number of feet that should separate a 16-inch and a 10- 

 inch tree is about — ^ h6, or 19. Of course, the ac- 



