16 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. IV., No. 74. 



illustrations and linguistic scraps. Another paper, 1 

 by A. S. Gatschet, discusses his ethnologic and lin- 

 guistic observations made among the Shetimasha 

 Indians of St. Mary's parish, La. 



Ethnologic results of a visit, made in 1883, to two 

 Iroquois reservations in New- York state, are published 

 in French and in Dutch by Dr. H. ten Kate, who in 

 the same year made somatological and other re- 

 searches among the Indians of the south-west of the 

 United States and the north-west of Mexico, includ- 

 ing the peninsula of California. 



Wood-carvings of the Haida and other tribes of the 

 north-west coast of North America are figured upon 

 thirteen splendidly colored plates, with descriptive 

 letter-press, in a folio volume entitled ' Amerikas nord- 

 westkiiste; neueste ergebnisse ethnologischer reisen.' 

 The objects represented consist of masks of human 

 and animal shape; of implements, such as spoons, 

 vases, rattles; of troughs, posts, idols, and other 

 wood-carvings, — all of which are now exhibited in the 

 collection of the Berlin royal museum. This folio 

 was published by Asher & Co., in Berlin, under the 

 auspices of the direction of the ethnologic depart- 

 ment in the museum in 1883 (Dr. Adolf Bastian) ; and 

 an English edition was issued in the same year. 



The political and social condition of the Liberian 

 negroes, an immigration from North America into 

 western Africa, is discussed in a long and very elabo- 

 rate article read to the Geographical society of Berne, 

 Switzerland.' 2 The capital of this Ethiopian republic 

 is Monrovia: the population consists of two elements 

 quite distinct from each other, — the aboriginal 

 negroes and the immigrated settlers. Slavery is 

 nominally abolished by the constitution of the re- 

 public; but a substitute has been found in the so- 

 called ' bushniggers,' whose only toilet consists in a 

 handkerchief worn about their loins. The Liberia 

 constitution proclaims full liberty of religion, con- 

 science, of speech and press, and gratuitous education 

 of children ; and one of the more noticeable para- 

 graphs precludes white people from acquiring any 

 real estate, and from being intrusted with any public 

 office. J. Biitikofer, the author of the article, gives 

 many observations and personal experiences from his 

 travels in the interior and on the coast of Liberia. 



An excellent ethno-archeological publication on 

 Bavaria, which deserves more than a passing notice, 

 is published under the title, ' Beitrage zur anthropol- 

 ogic und urgeschichte Bayerns.' These contributions 

 are the organ of the Munich society of anthropology, 

 ethnology, and prehistorics, being issued in four num- 

 bers to a volume of lexicon-octavo size, and profusely 

 illustrated. Under the editorship of Joh. Kanke and 

 Nic. Riidinger, five volumes have been issued up to the 

 present year. The most extensive and difficult topic 

 now engrossing the attention of that scientific body is 

 the publication of the archeologic map of Bavaria, — 

 a land which covers an area of 75,000 □ kilometres, 

 and has been in its more level parts thoroughly 

 explored by archeologists for remains of antiquity. 

 Of the fifteen sheets of the map, five have been 



1 Trans, anthrop. soc. Wash., ii. p. 148. 



2 Jahresb. geogr. gesellsch. Bern, v. 75. 



issued by the editor in charge, Prof. F. Ohlschlager, 

 who uses over twenty colored sign-marks for the 

 objects discovered, and adds a statistical and topo- 

 graphic register of the finds. The occurrence of all 

 the 'hochacker,' a relic analogous to the 'garden- 

 beds ' of the American north-west, has been repre- 

 sented on a separate map in the fifth volume: they 

 are almost entirely limited to the southern parts of 

 Bavaria, extending between Augsburg and Salzburg. 



MENTAL EVOLUTION IN ANIMALS. 



Animal intelligence. By George J. Romanes. 

 New York, Appleton, 1883. (International sci- 

 entific series.) 498 p. 8°. 



Mental evolution in animals. By the same. New 

 York, Appleton, 1884. 384 p. 8°. 



In the wide range of interesting facts col- 

 lected and published a year ago in 'Animal 

 intelligence,' Mr. Romanes laid a broad founda- 

 tion for his present work, ' Mental evolution in 

 animals ; ' and these volumes, we find, are pre- 

 liminary to a forthcoming work upon ' Mental 

 evolution in man,' which will complete the most 

 extensive study of comparative psychology ever 

 attempted. This subject has not hitherto re- 

 ceived the comprehensive treatment which its 

 importance deserves. One of the most vital 

 questions of our times is the genetic continuity 

 of the mind as well as the physical structure of 

 man with that of the lower animals : it marks 

 the point where the views of Darwin and 

 Wallace, and of many of their followers, di- 

 verge ; and, whatever our own opinions may be, 

 we must regard this as the crowning problem 

 of animal evolution in its broadest sense. In 

 the first few pages of these two works, it is 

 easy to discern the author's personal stand- 

 point, and to foresee that the third volume will 

 contain an elaboration of the psychology of the 

 c Descent of man.' Reserving, however, a com- 

 plete discussion of the final question for the 

 later work, he carries us here to the summit of 

 the lower animal scale, ably following every 

 line of inquiry. Although not a profound 

 thinker, Mr. Romanes is a thorough and origi- 

 nal investigator ; and his previous labors, both 

 in biology and psychology, qualify him pecul- 

 iarly for this line of research. While as a phi- 

 losopher he generally follows Hume, Mill, Bain, 

 and Spencer, his position as a psychologist is 

 often very independent. As a follower of Dar- 

 win, he naturally inclines strongly to his views 

 on many questions ; attributing to natural se- 

 lection almost unlimited influence in the devel- 

 opment of instinct and intelligence. 



Based upon the generally accepted truth of 

 the evolution theory, below the human scale, 



