ANIMAL KINGDOM. 255 



Tortoises, their maxilke are without teeth, though their 

 tongue is more similar perhaps to that of the Saurian reptiles. 

 It must however be acknowledged that the tongue of the 

 Cephalopoda appears to approach nearer to that of some true 

 Mollnsca, than to that of any of the vertebrated animals, 

 unless it be in its situation between the mandibles. The 

 fleshy denticulated process which covers the mandibles of 

 the Cephalopoda is another part of the mouth which must 

 strongly remind the naturalist of the curious genus Trionyx 

 among the Chelonians. The presence of a very complete 

 salivary apparatus in the Cuttlefish, which is necessary from 

 the triturating process employed in eating their testaceous 

 food, may perhaps not coincide with that almost general 

 character of reptiles, namely, that they swallow their food 

 whole; but it is to be remembered that hitherto the ana- 

 tomy of the Chelonians has not been so completely investi- 

 gated as that of the other reptiles, and that it is precisely 

 those animals which feed on the same sort of food as the 

 Cephalopoda, which have the same organs for trituration, 

 and therefore may be expected to require a salivary appa- 

 ratus. But even though no organ of this sort shall be 

 found, the immense size and apparent importance of the 

 salivary glands is a character of the Mollusca rather than 

 of any of the Vertebrata. At least this can demonstrate no 

 affinity of the Sepias, to fishes, since in these last, with the 

 exception of one or two species, salivary glands have not 

 been discovered. The oesophagus has a dilatation or 

 crop in Sepia Octopus, like that of a bird ; but in S. offi- 

 cinalis and Loligo, which approach the nearest to the 

 reptiles, this crop is wanting so as to afford another re- 

 markable affinity. Glandular grains also, analogous to 

 the conical papilla which line the oesophagus of the tor- 



