Diagram of 

 probabilistic model 

 used to estimate the 

 effects of pesticides 

 on target and 

 nontarget species. 





Daily Energy 

 Requirements 

 (kJ/g bod'jweighq 



»3-C» 



Energy 



Content of 



Snails 



(kJ/g) 



Fraction of 



Snails in 



Diet 



Energy 



Content 



of Diet 



(kJ/g) 



OJ-Kl 



Fraction of 



Insects in 



Diet 



Weight of 



Daily Diet 



(g food/g bw) 







^^ Diphiacinone 

 ^^^^^ Concentration 

 v^^BipBl^^ln Snails (ug/g) 





I 







Dose 

 (mg/kgbodyweight) 





-A- 



Weight of 



Snails 



(g/g bw) 



Weight of 

 Insects 



(g) 



Probability' of 



Mortality 



vs 



Diphacinone 



Dose 



" j^ 



■^ 



"...Jl.," 







\ 



Probability of Mortality 



Interspecies 

 Extrapolation 



Energy 



Content of 



Insects 



(kJ/g) 



birds within tlie study area provided important 

 supplementary information on vulture movements 

 and resource use. 



As of October 2007, the longest movement by a 

 "transmittered" bird v\/as approximately 500 miles, 

 from Beaufort, SC, to Homestead, FL. Most of the 

 birds with transmitters have remained within 10 

 miles of Beaufort. 



An unexpected benefit of the study was the 

 collection of new information on daily vulture 

 activity. Data showed that the majority of vulture 

 activity occurs later in the day, whereas bird surveys 

 are usually conducted within 4 hours of sunrise. 

 Thus, most black vultures are not detected during 

 these surveys; consequently, vulture population 

 sizes may be underestimated. These findings 

 are being incorporated into revised protocols for 

 estimating the size of vulture populations. 



TITLE: Development of Chemistry-, 



Biochemistry-, and Computational-Based 

 Tools for Wildlife Damage Management 



GOAL: Develop and apply chemistry-, 



biochemistry-, and computer-modeling- 

 based techniques and tools for improved 

 management of pest wildlife by WS and the 

 wildlife damage-management community. 



Due to the increasing need for new, federally 

 approved chemical tools that can be used by 

 wildlife damage-management professionals, NWRC 

 scientists are investigating methodologies to identify, 

 analyze, and develop new drugs, repellants, 

 toxicants, DNA markers, and other chemistry-based 

 products. These methodologies could potentially 

 be used to support APHIS registration requirements 

 through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

 (EPA) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 



36 Developing Methods 



