to 13,000 jobs lost in the local economy. The total 

 annual economic impacts of the translocation of the 

 invasive BTS to Hawaii fall within the range of $473 

 million to $1.8 billion. 



Estimating the Value of a Beef Cow for Wolf 

 Predation Payments — The reintroduction of 

 Mexican gray wolves into the Blue Range Wolf 

 Reintroduction Area in southwestern New Mexico 

 and southeastern Arizona has involved indemnity 

 payments to ranchers for depredated livestock. 

 Currently, ranchers are reimbursed for only the 

 market value of a cow. In 2007, NWRC economists 

 developed an economic model to better assess 

 the value of a cow in New Mexico. Computations 

 focused on the actual valuation of a range beef 

 cow in New Mexico, with estimates of the impacts 

 to cattle producers if the cow is killed at various 

 life stages and replaced with a weanling heifer. 

 Although no change in indemnity payment schemes 

 has occurred, ranchers found the results more 

 reflective of the "true" loss incurred from wolf 

 predation. Results are consistent with calculated 

 actual production and animal value loss incurred 

 from wolf predation. 



TITLE: Field Evaluation of Chemical Methods for 

 BTS Management 



fumigants, reproductive inhibitors, and improved 

 trapping methods. 



Commercial Paper Products as Parachutes 

 for Aerial Delivery of Baits to BTSs— NWRC 

 continues to evaluate parachutes for the aerial 

 delivery of baits to BTSs in inaccessible, remote, 

 forested areas on Guam. In an attempt to provide 

 practical, economical parachutes, investigators 

 evaluated four commercial paper products: 

 paper cups, paper plates, and two types of 

 white marking flags — a "single-ender" white 

 flag with a 10-foot paper streamer attached to a 

 chipboard card and a "double-ender" flag with a 

 16-foot paper streamer attached to the standard 

 chipboard card with a smaller chipboard card at 

 the tail end of the streamer. 



As a test of the efficacy of these parachutes for 

 their ability to deliver baits to BTSs, untreated 

 dead neonatal mice (DNM) with radio transmitters 

 were attached to each of the four types of paper 

 products and hand-dropped from a helicopter 

 over a forested site. Twenty each of the single- 

 and double-enders and 15 each of the cups and 

 plates were dropped. Location (canopy or ground 

 landing) for each of the mice was recorded by 

 visual inspection or radio signal. 



GOAL: Develop techniques to help control the BTS 

 on Guam and prevent its dispersal from 

 that island. 



Canopy entanglements for the single-ender flags, 

 double-ender flags, cups, and plates were 85 

 percent, 95 percent, 67 percent, and 80 percent, 



The BTS is one of the most ecologically damaging 

 invasive species. In just the half-century since the 

 BTS was accidentally introduced to Guam, it has 

 exterminated most of that island's native forest birds 

 and greatly reduced its population of fruit bats and 

 native lizards. While managing the BTS population 

 on Guam, WS actively works to prevent its spread to 

 other Pacific islands, especially Hawaii. In the past, 

 NWRC has received funding from the Department 

 of Defense (DoD) Legacy Resource Management 

 Program to research methods to manage the 

 BTS. NWRC currently receives funding from the 

 U.S. Department of the Interior's Office of Insular 

 Affairs. BTS research efforts at NWRC encompass 

 development of repellants, attractants, toxicants. 



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NWRC continues to evaluate parachutes for the aerial delivery 

 of baits to BTSs in inaccessible, remote forests on Guam. 

 {N^NRC photo by Pete Savarie.) 



Developing Methods 41 



