TABLE 1.—Animal requirements for daily feed, digestible energy, and protein 
Daily feed per Digestible 
Body energy 
weight Animal Live for main- Protein 
Species and condition class Reference weight tenance 
Kg. Kg. Percent Keal. Percent 
Beef cattle 
Steers and heifers, normal growth_._ NAS-NRC 1963 __- 273 7.4 2.7 9,000 9.3 
Mature pregnant cows, wintering - --__--__ do ___- 454 8.2 1.8 18,000 7.5 
Cows nursing calves, first 3 to 4 --_---_. do ______ 454 12.7 2.8 33,600 8.8 
months postpartum. 
Sheep 
Ewes, last 6 weeks of gestation _... NAS-NRC 1964 55 1:9 3.5 4,400 8.2 
Ewes, first 8 to 10 weeks of lac- —__- We doj ve e422 : 55 2.3 4.2 5,800 8.4 
tation. 
Ewes, replacement lambs and year- ------___ do ___~ 2 55 1.5 3.4 8,400 7.6 
lings. 
Deer 
White-tailed 
Body growth 
maintenance. French et al. 1955 45 1.4-1.8 3-4 6,300* 13-16 
6-7 
Mixed herd of white-tailed and Nichol 1988 45 dict A. Ce one Ee ee 
mule. 
White-tailed _____ A ala Pe ioe BSE Dahlberg and Guet- 45 1.6-2.5 8.6-5.5 Eee re ae 
tinger 1956. 
1 EX) lena erly Ah cna a Doult et al. 1966 45 9-3.2 Ds One a pete, SORE, .. TE 
Mixed herd, winter maintenance __ Davenport 1939 - 45 8-3.4 1.8—-7.6 : As 
White-tailed, maintenance and 
weight recovery, 3 1/2-year-old 
male: Magruder et al. 1957 68-91 1.8 7 1320. 22-2 2s 
Optimal growth, 2-year-old : MO ee ci ee DIOR ee OS Be cigs 
Optimal growth, yearling ___- eer domes: = DAs Eee es, A ETE eee aoa renee tye ce 
Black-tailedsii 2 2ees teow wie Poh. Bissell et al. 1955 45 2.0 4.4 A000? oe oe ee 
Wild Turkey 
Gobblenigas. see en ee ys Be a Korschgen 1967 - 9.1 3 OI) checks, jae sees 
Growing, 525 522: Hie | NAS-NRC 1966 __- i aaa ae Se ea ae ae 20 
Breedingy 2.0 kre eres et ae PendOree 2 2 - SE enn Peer ciate = ee 15 
Bobwhite Quail 
Breeding seep etree le a 2 Nestler 1949a a - ee eo ae ee =e 23 
Growin Greta ede ese nt So ee do's... _ _ ee 28 
Nonproductive mature birds in 
winter. ee Our - a eee ee eee 12 
Growin fests pee ee Nestler 1949b 14 .008 Dee AS 2, ete nD 
Winter maintenance ______________ Nestler 1949c 16 .015 OA ee ee eee 
Squirrels 
Gray qpreenantis =. 25.2 ake Uhlig 1955 ___- 58 07 13.2 Z E 
Grayatlactating. 2-222 2 21.) 2 ees dose- mie 2 : 07 ae A Oe $e. 2a peen 
Gray, maturemaler- 5... --.--2.2 Short (study in prog- 53 .03 Des lhane- ered, ek ialy z 
ress). 
OX see ea te eee arty lS _. Baumgras 1944 nese OS et test Lee Seen e eee 
Box maturermale 22. -.. 0 22... _. Short (study in prog- 87 04 Ai Gp re gee snes Seeneen 
ress). 
OX es tea = ea a waren pe oe yes ee de) NAS-NRC 1962 _- OO ee ner >, BP aate eae 115 15-20? 
* Gross energy requirements. 
* Extrapolated from growth requirements of rats. 
has been criticized (Harris et al. 1959) because 
the high essential oil content in some plants 
yields erroneously high DE values. 
Especially in winter, energy requirements 
are somewhat higher for range animals than 
for animals on farm lots, because range ani- 
mals must not only travel farther in search of 
food but must also maintain body temperatures 
without the aid of shelters (Stoddart and 
Smith 1955). Blaxter (1962) stated that a 
500-ke. steer with a basal metabolism of 8,000 
keal. per day expends 50 kcal. more energy per 
11 
