ing, chemical, or mechanical treatments, and 
by other range improvement practices; and (3) 
early weaning of calves when forage quality 
drops below requirements of lactating cows. 
Short periods of deficient diet and weight 
loss and then periods of high-quality diet usu- 
ally do not decrease livestock productivity and 
efficiency. Accordingly, supplemental feeding 
in the West appears practical primarily on dor- 
mant winter range and only at levels that 
prevent serious loss in livestock condition. In 
the South, however, supplementation of native 
range is also necessary in other seasons. 
Common deficiencies in range forage are en- 
ergy, protein, phosphorus, iodine, and carotene. 
Deficiencies in calcium and several minor ele- 
ments also occur in the South. Customary salt- 
ing practices usually satisfy animal needs for 
sodium and chlorine. 
Energy deficiency seems nominal on western 
range, but it evidently is a limiting factor of 
southern forest ranges. Supplementing range 
with energy feeds appears impractical except 
for limited periods of emergency. 
Protein deficiency can be expected on most 
grassland range during the dormant season. 
Protein supplementation is profitable on many 
winter ranges in the West, and is practically 
essential on southern ranges. 
Phosphorus supplementation, particularly 
when forage is mature, is desirable on many 
western ranges; it is always needed on south- 
ern ranges, along with calcium in most cases. 
Other deficiencies are relatively restricted: 
Iodine in widespread but localized western 
areas; 1ron, copper, and cobalt in part of the 
South; and carotene where green forage is 
lacking for several consecutive months. 
Range supplementation will become more 
profitable as knowledge of range nutrition is 
accumulated through research. In addition to 
better techniques, range nutritionists need bet- 
ter understanding of rumen microorganisms 
and possibilities for creating a rumen environ- 
ment conducive to better utilization of range 
forage. Also, they should investigate new ni- 
trogen supplements that will be economical 
and also provide a sustained supply to rumen 
microorganisms under range conditions where 
frequent feeding is impractical. 
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1953. Better cattle distribution through the use of 
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1967. Urea and diammonium phosphate as protein 
sources in beef cattle rations. La. State 
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Campbell, R. S., Epps, E. A., Jr., Moreland, C. C., and 
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1954. Nutritive values of native plants on forest 
range in central Louisiana. La. Bull. 488, 18 
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Cook, C. Wayne, and Harris, Lorin E. 
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1968. Nutritive value of seasonal ranges. Utah State 
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B.L 
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