is the use of infrared scanning to locate and 
count active beaver lodges during the winter. 
The heat emitted from the closed lodge of a co- 
lony of beaver might provide an interpretable 
hot spot on the scanning imagery. However, 
the early autumn aerial observations now used 
are relatively inexpensive and accurate. 
Remote sensing techniques should not be 
limited to aerial applications. There are many 
opportunities, especially in research, to use 
various remote techniques on the ground. 
These techniques may consist of infrared scan- 
ning or infrared propagation methods to detect 
the presence of animals, or of triggered flash 
photography and the use of odors and sounds 
for population census in small areas. Auto- 
mated systems for some of these techniques 
will be especially useful. 
Space and subject limitations preclude dis- 
cussion of other forms of remote sensing, such 
as the determination of body temperatures by 
scanners or of the remote sensing of tempera- 
ture and physiological parameters using telem- 
etry. The use of telemetry to follow the move- 
ment of wildlife species is well established, but 
defies review in this short paper. 
CONCLUSIONS 
It is hoped that it has been made clear that 
the emerging sophisticated sensing techniques 
do not represent a panacea for all the problems 
of wildlife census. However, large-scale and 
color photography, infrared scanning, radar, 
and other approaches may be extremely useful 
in some situations, and their development and 
refinement should be followed closely by those 
involved in wildlife census. 
It would behoove wildlife researchers to ex- 
plore the present and potential uses of large- 
scale 70-mm. photography, especially in habi- 
tat work, and to keep abreast of developments 
in other forms of remote sensing. Progress in 
infrared scanning and in radar in particular 
should be closely followed, so that when better 
hardware becomes available, the researcher 
will be in a position to use it. 
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