spacing for broom has been 8 x 8 feet. The shore pine can be planted 
at the same time and at the same spacing, alternating with the broom. 
A better practice has been to plant the pine after the broom is 1 to 2 
years old, especially on critical blow areas such as those where topo- 
graphical correction is the objective. 
Plantings of shrubs for understory and borders in or near stands 
of intermediate or climax species should be spaced no wider than 
6 x 6 feet to get an effective ground cover. In most cases, 1-0 
nursery stock of shrubs is satisfactory, but cut-2 stock is best for 
huckleberry, salal, and bearberry. 
Climax species of trees are usually not planted because they vol- 
unteer readily in intermediate tree and shrub plantings. 
The optimum time for planting shrub and tree stock on the dunes 
of the north Pacific coast has been from mid-November through 
January. At this time the stock is quite dormant, precipitation 
keeps the soil moist, and evaporation rates are low. Many trials 
showed that plantings made before or after this period resulted in 
low survival. Survival during this period was uniformly higher 
than 90 percent. 
Protection 1s essential to the success of most tree and shrub plantings 
used for the stabilization of coastal dunes. This is especially impor- 
tant when the use of the area is recreation. Fire, rodents, and man 
are the principal hazards. Fire lanes in the tree plantations and 
provisions for fire prevention and control are essential. In dune areas 
the fire lanes must have a fire-resistant vegetative cover such as Scotch 
broom or Clatsop red fescue. Rodents such as mice, mountain beaver, 
and rabbits can easily damage young plantings. They are best con- 
trolled by poisoning. Vacationers and others frequenting the recre- 
ational area must be prevented from digging plants, from creating 
fire hazards, and from indiscriminate tramping and trailing. 
Literature Cited 
Brown, J. C. 1878. Pine plantations on the sand-wastes of France. 
172 p. Edinburgh. 
Braun-Blanquet, J..G. D. Fuller, and H. S. Conard. 1932. Plant 
Sociol. 439 p. New York and London. 
Berd P. 1900. Handbuch des Deutschen Dunenbaues. 656 p. 
erlin. 
Kellogg, F.B. 1915. Sand-dune reclamation on the coast of northern 
California and southern Oregon. Soc. Am. Foresters Proc. 
10: 41-64. 
Klingebiel, A. A. and P. H. Montgomery. 1961. Land-capability 
classification. U.S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Hdbk. 210, 21 p. 
McLaren, J. 1899. The reclamation of drifting sand dunes. 
The Forester 5: 222-293. 
McLaughlin, W. T. and R. L. Brown. 1942. Controlling coastal 
sand dunes in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 660, 46 p. 
Olsson-Seffer, P. 1910. The sand strand flora of marine coasts. 
Augustana Library Publications 7: 47-183. Rock Island, Illinois. 
Roth, J. 1916. Die Aufforstungen der ungarischen Flugsandgebiete. 
Forstwiss. Centbl. 60:377-402, 464-487, 523-532. Berlin. 
Stoesz, A. D. and R. L. Brown. 1957. Stabilizing sand dunes. 
U.S. Dept. Agr. Yrbk. (Soil) 1957 : 321-326. 
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