24 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURH 
Nurseries of the Soil Conservation Service, is given, but all figures 
of this sort must be used with caution. 
In large-scale operations, planting stock is most often propagated 
from seed, but other methods of obtaining plants, such as lifting 
wild stock, propagation by cuttings, or direct seeding, are all useful. 
Transplanting wild stock has little to recommend it. It is costly, 
especially from a labor standpoint, and the percentage of survival 
is all too often low. 
The practice of direct seeding over all or part of a given area 
would seem to merit more investigation. The elimination of all 
storage and nursery operations has much appeal, but too little is 
known of direct seeding either to recommend or to discourage it. 
Toumey and Korstian (573) note that when an area is seeded prop- 
erly, the cost is usually high. They claim that in direct seeding, as 
might be expected, germination is usually lower and more uneven 
than in nurseries. Proper preparation and protection of the site is 
no small item in the cost. They give a table showing the number of 
pounds of seed required for planting an acre with each of 23 species 
of trees, including black cherry, which requires 10 to 25 pounds; 
black locust, 6 to 8 pounds; white oak, 600 to 800; beech, 50 to 150; 
and white pine, 5 to 9. Examples of successful direct seeding of woody 
plants are rare, but with increasing demand for large-scale planting, 
perhaps methods may be developed to overcome present obstacles. 
If it is known that direct seeding is successful, the information is 
included in the present list. 
UTILIZATION BY WILDLIFE 
The first paragraph under each species after the designation of 
fruit deals with characters directly or indirectly related to erosion 
control; the second deals wholly with utilization of the species by 
wildlife, livestock, and bees. The latter paragraph is divided into 
two portions headed “Stomach records” and “Observations.” 
Under Stomach records are placed all records of utilization based 
on examination of stomach contents. Most of such records are taken 
from the files of the Bureau of Biological Survey. A few are from 
identifications of stomach materials made by other agencies. 
It has not seemed advisable to name all the species of birds known 
to have eaten the fruit. The total number of birds utilizing the 
species of plant is listed, and a statement is added indicating which 
game birds are included. 
Under each genus characterization the paragraph dealing with 
wildlife utilization lists stomach records and observations in addition 
to those listed under species. They are not summaries. Identification 
of plant parts found in stomachs is often possible only as far as the 
genus. ‘These must hence be recorded only for the genus. The same 
may be true of observations, where identification is uncertain or pos- 
sibly inaccurate. Therefore, genus records in this publication are 
used only because such records cannot be referred to a particular 
species. 
PA records of woody-plant utilization known to the author are 
included. The Biological Survey records, the literature, and many, 
field workers have supplied information for this work. It is, how- 
