MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
74 
A large tree with open foliage; rapid growing when young; short-lived; little 
attacked by insects or disease; coppices when cut; wood used commercially to 
some extent. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Five species of birds includ- 
ing ruffed grouse and wild turkey; white-tailed deer. 
Betula occidentalis, see Betula fontinalis and B. papyrifera. 
Betula papyrifera Marsh. 
B. alba papyrifera (Marsh) Spach. 
mange: 213.015, 182i 2223 4 OG. 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available August-September. 
A large, short-lived tree; rapid growing when young, later slower; root system 
shallow, superficial; a pioneer cn burned-over areas; free from insects and 
disease; easily fire-damaged; wood used commercially to some extent; about 
700,000 seeds per pound, germination about 21 percent, seed vitality transient. 
Var. subcordata (Rydb.) Sarg., (B. subcordata Rydb.), the paper birch, oc- 
curs in region 12. Var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern., (B. cordifolia Regel) occurs 
in regions 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, and 27. Var. occidentalis (Hook.) Sarg., (B. occi- 
dentalis Hook.), the western paper birch occurs in regions 1, 2, and 12. Var. 
montanensis (Butler) Sarg., (B. montanensis Butler) occurs in region 12. 
Var. minor (Tuckerm.) Fern., (B. papyracea var. Tuckerm.), is a shrub occur- 
ring in regions 28 and 27, strictly in bogs. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, Observations: Redpoll, 
preferred food of ruffed grouse in Maine; snowshoe hare; important food of 
moose on Isle Royale; sparingly browsed by northern white-tailed deer. 
Betula pendula, see Betula coerulea. 
Paper birch. 
Eetula piperi, see Betula fontinalis. 
Betula populifolia Marsh. 
Range: 24, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available in September. 
A small to large short-lived tree; fairly rapid growing; free from insects 
and disease; easily storm-damaged: coppices freely when cut; wood used 
commercially to some extent; generally occurs in poor sandy or gravelly soils. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: Five species of birds; white-tailed deer. 
Betula pumila L. 
Range: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September—October. 
A small to large shrub. 
Var. glandulifera Regel (B. glandulifera (Regel) Butter), is a shrub occurring 
in regions 18, 21, 23, and 24. 
Betula subcordata, see Betula papyrifera. 
Gray birch, 
Swamp birch. 
Betula utahensis, see Betula fontinalis. 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
acradenius, see Aplapappus acradenius. 
arborescens, see Aplopappus arborescens. 
brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. 
depressa, see Chrysothamnus depressus. 
douglasii, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. 
greenei, see Chrysothamnus greeneéi. 
nelsonii, see Aplopappus laricifolius. 
paniculata, see Chrysothamnus paniculatus. 
parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. 
parryi, see Chrysothamnus parryi. 
pulchella, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. 
