86 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
Caudoleucaena retusa, see Leucaena retusa. 
Ceanothus spp. Ceanothus. 
Generally large shrubs to small trees; ordinarily occur on more or less acid 
soil; nodules on the roots of the species assist in nitrogen fixation in the same 
manner as in the legumes; the deciduous forms are generally characteristic of 
drier soil and lower slopes; evergreen forms more characteristic of higher 
moisture slopes. Propagation is by seed treated with hot water followed by 
stratification as given for each species; seed can be germinated without any 
treatment, but low percentage of germination must be expected; many species 
can also be propagated by stem or root cuttings. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 15 species of birds, inclad- 
ing bobwhite, 2 species of western quail and mourning dove; mountain sheep, 
Columbian chipmunk, Mono chipmunk, gray-sided jack rabbit, black-tailed deer. 
Observations (in addition to specific reccrds) : Olympic wapiti, Rocky Mountain 
black-tailed deer, mule deer, alpine chipmunk. The deciduous forms are gen- 
erally palatable to livestock but the evergreen forms are usually worthless. 
Ceanothus americanus L. J ersey-tea, 
Range: 17, 20; 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. 
A small, bushy shrub; flowers May—July; root system very large, taproot 
very well developed, deep penetrating in sandstone, limestone, sand, clay, and 
other soils. 
Stomach records: Four species of birds including bobwhite and wild turkey. 
Ceanothus arboreus Greene. Island myrtle. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers Ferbruary—March; crown open; foliage 
very ample; 90 percent germination of seeds may be obtained by treating with 
hot water at 194° F.; about 48,000 seeds per pound. 
Ceanothus californicus, see Ceanothus integerrimus. 
Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg. Mountain whitethorn. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 
A small, wide-spreading, intricately-branched, thorny shrub; flowers June— 
July; thicket forming; occurs from 6,000 to 9,000 feet; stump sprouts and 
reproduces by seed very well after fires; seeds treated with hot water to 176° F., 
then stratified 34% months at 36° germinate up to 65 percent; seeds boiled 
1 minute and Stratified 3 months germinate up to 60 percent. 
Observations: Mountain quail; of outstanding importance as browse for mule 
deer; mountain beaver. Considered inferior browse for cattle, but much used 
by sheep; fairly resistant to grazing. 
Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. Deer brush. 
C. insularis Hastw. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, much-branched evergreen shrub; flowers January—April; oceurs 
below 3,500 feet; foliage rather open; very inflammable; rarely coppices; 
intolerant of shade; propagation by seed heated to 70° ©. in water, then cooled, 
and stratified 3 months at 35° F.; germination of 76 percent is thus obtained; 
about 33,000 seeds per pound. 
Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. 
Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. Wedgeleaf ceanothus. 
Range: 38, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers March—May; occurs below 5,000 
feet; spreading, rigid, intricately branched and with dense foliage; thicket 
forming; often sprawling; crown sprouts abundantly after fires; forms im- 
penetrable thickets but seldom makes a continuous cover; regenerates from 
