130 MISC. PUBLICATION 803, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
Franseria eriocentra Gray. Woolly bur-sage. 
Gaertneria eriocentra Kuntze. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Bur. 
A small, rigid, spreading shrub; usually occurs on sandy soil. 
Franseria ilicifolia Gray. Hollyleaf bur-sage. 
Gaertneria tlicifolia Kuntze. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Bur. 
A small, rigid, much-branched, evergreen shrub; usually occurs on sand; 
leaves somewhat spiny. 
Fraxinus spp. Ash. 
All species usually occur on neutral soil; propagation is by seed stratified 
at 32°-50° F. for 380 to 90 days and sown in spring, or sown directly in the 
fall although seeds sometime remain dormant until the second year; rapid 
growing when young; usually easily transplanted. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Seven species of birds, 
including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific 
records): Five species of birds; an important food of white-tailed deer in 
Massachusetts; porcupine; a reserve food and building material for beaver. 
Important source of pollen for bees. 
Fraxinus americana L. White ash. 
Range!) 20/22, 23.24 25.-27, 28, 29,30: 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available October-November. 
A large tree; occurs on many kinds of soil; flowers April-June; root sys- 
tem fibrous, deep; rapid growing; much attacked by borers; not extensively 
damaged by fungi; much cultivated; wood of great importance commercially ; 
6,000 seeds per pound, germination of seed 40 percent, about 1,500 usable plants 
per pound of seed. 
Var. microcarpa Gray is a shrub ordinarily growing in drier situations and 
bearing smaller fruit. 
Observations: Purple finch, pine grosbeak ; cottontail rabbit, porcupine, white- 
tailed deer. 
Fraxinus anomala Wats. Dwarf ash. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large shrub to small tree; 22,000 seeds per pound, about 5,000 usable plants 
per pound of seed. Provides at least poor and sometimes fair to fairly good 
browse for goats, sheep, and cattle. 
Fraxinus attenuata, see Fraxrinus velutina, 
Fraxinus berlandieriana DC. Mexican ash. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available in May. 
A large dioecious tree. 
Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle. Biltmore white ash. 
Range: 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Kruit: Samara. 
A large dioecious tree; flowers April-May; very similar to F. americana but 
more hairy. oi 
Fraxinus californica, see Fravinus oregona. 
Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. Water ash. 
F. caroliniana rehderiana Sarg., F. platycarpa Michx. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large dioecious tree; flowers March—April. 
