NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 147 
cially but all species are important because of their ability to grow on dry, 
barren slopes and exposed situations. Nearly all junipers are slow growing; 
propagation is by seed stratified at 32°-50° F., 30-60 days before planting in 
spring. Most are secondary hosts for the cedar appie rust. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-six species of birds, 
including bobwhite, ruffed grouse, and sharp-tailed grouse; armadillo, gray fox, 
Gila chipmunk, black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in 
addition to specific records: Twenty-four species of birds, including Merriam’s 
turkey, Mearn’s quail, northern, prairie, and Columbian sharp-tailed grouse; 
coyote, Oregon gray fox, cliff chipmunk, opossum, rock squirrel, Arizona gray 
fox, Texas plains coyote, San Juan coyote; much eaten by New Mexico black 
bear, Say chipmunk, Utah chipmunk, Couch rock squirrel; berries a staple food 
of mule deer; an emergency browse of mule deer. 
Juniperus ashei, see Juniperus mexicana. 
Juniperus barbadensis, see Juniperus lucayanda. 
Juniperus californica Carr. California juniper. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available all year round. 
A large shrub. 
Observations: California mule deer. 
Juniperus communis L. Dwarf juniper. 
Range: 1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available September; persistent all year round. 
A small to large shrub, or even a small tree, very rarely a large tree; ever- 
green; occurs on sandy and other soils; usually monoecious, rarely dioecious; 
thrives on almost any soils; very slow growing; long-lived; wood exceptionally 
durable, not used commercially ; fruit maturing the third year, persistent 1 to 2 
years after maturity, of some importance commercially ; 17,000-80,000 seeds per 
pound. 
Var. depressa, Pursh., occurring in the northeastern United States, rarely ex- 
ceeds 3-4 feet in height. Var. montana Ait. (J. sibirica Burgsd.), is of more 
general distribution; a high mountain form usually less than 3 feet in height. 
Var. jackii Rehd. is a prostrate western form. <A fourth form is known in the 
high mountains of Japan. 
Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge, and ring-necked pheasant; this and 
J. horizontatis composed 1.6 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed 
grouse in Quebec and Ontario. Observations: Twenty-two species of birds, in- 
cluding bobwhite and Hungarian partridge; many small mammals; white-tailed 
deer, moose. 
Juniperus erythrocarpa Cory. Red-fruited juniper. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in December. 
A small evergreen tree. 
Juniperus flaccida Schlecht. Drooping juniper. 
Sabina flaccida (Schlecht.) Lewis. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained. 
Fruit: Berry; mature in September of the second season; long per- 
sistent. 
A small to large, dioecious, evergreen tree; occurs on sandy and other soils; 
slow growing, long-lived; wood very durable, somewhat used locally. 
Juniperus gymnocarpa (Lemmon) Cory. 
J. occidentalis gymnocarpa Lemmon. 
Range: 11, 13, 14, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-December. 
A large evergreen tree, 
