NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 161 
Lupinus propinquus, see Lupinus arboreus. 
Lycium spp. 
The root systems of the species are relatively extensive in comparison with the 
aerial portions, often extending 25-30 feet from the plants; roots tough and 
fibrous ; propagation is by seed sown as Soon as ripe or by cuttings. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Three species of birds, 
including Gambel and scaled quail. Observations (in addition to specific rec- 
ords) : Verdin, Gila woodpecker ; Mexican raccoon ; important food for birds and 
desert rodents generally. 
Lycium andersonii Gray. (pl. 20, A, B). Anderson desert-thorn. 
Range: 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available April-May. 
A small, spiny, scraggly shrub; flowers April-June; profusely branched; 
tolerant of alkali; occurs in sandy and other soils. 
Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Attractive to black-chinned 
hummingbird. 
Lycium berlandieri Dunal. 
Range: 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large shrub; occurs in sandy and other Soils. 
Forma parvifiorum (Gray) Hitche., (L. parvijiorum Gray) is more robust with 
numerous leaves and is generally found in the northwestern part of the range. 
Lycium californicum Nutt. California desert-thorn. 
Range: 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available April—October. 
A small, densely-branched shrub; occurs on clay or sand; decumbent or 
spreading; spiny, and branches much intertwined. 
Lycium carolinianum Walt. Christmasberry. 
Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, trailing or somewhat climbing, spiny shrub; occurs on saline or 
alkaline soil, sand or limestone. 
Var. quadrifidum (Moc. and Sesse) Hitche., (L. quadrifidum Moe. and Sesse), 
the large-fruited matrimony vine, is more widely distributed and spinier than 
the species, commoner westward; grows in sand; drought resistant; will grow 
in standing water; fruit attractive to waterfowl. 
Lycium cooperi Gray. Cooper desert-thorn, 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, compact shrub; flowers April-June; occurs in sandy and 
other soils; stout, spiny and densely branched. 
Lycium exsertum Gray. 
L. fremontu bigelovii Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, sparingly-branched, few-spined, rigid shrub; rapid growing ; 
nearly evergreen; procumbent branches root; roots well from cuttings; seed 
produced abundantly. 
Lycium fremontii Gray. Fremont desert-thorn. 
L. pallidum fremontii Terac., L. gracilipes Gray. 
Range: 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, freely-branched, somewhat spiny shrub; usually occurs in 
rather alkaline soil. Browsed by livestock in winter. 
Lycium gracilives, see Lycium fremontii. 
