NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 179 
Parosela spinosa (Gray) Heller. Smoketree. 
Dalea spinosa Gray, Psorodendron spinosum (Gray) Rydb. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers January—July ; leaves few, early decidu- 
ous; very spiny; fruit produced rarely, very showy in flower. Not eaten by 
livestock. 
Parosela thyrsiflora (Gray) Vail. 
P. soralea humilis Mill., Dalea thyrsiflora Gray. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub. 
Parosela wheeleri, see Parosela fremontii. 
Parryella filifolia Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: One-seeded legume. 
A small, much-branched shrub; grows in sandy soil. 
Parthenium incanum H. B. K. Mariola. 
P. ramosissinum DC. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; furnishes a small amount of rubber. New shoots and flower 
heads sometimes nibbled by livestock. 
Parthenium ramosissimum, see Parthenium incanum. 
Parthenocissus spp. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Frequently eaten by red fox; 
much eaten by raccoon in New York. 
Parthenocissus heptaphylla (Buckl.) Small. 
P. texana Rehder, Ampelopsis heptaphylla Buckl., Psedera heptaphylla 
(Buckl.) Greene. 
Range: 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A high-climbing vine; occurs on rocky or sandy soil; propagated by cuttings; 
easily transplanted. 
Parthenocissus hirsuta, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 
Parthenocissus laciniata, see Parthenocissus vitaced. 
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) Planch. (pl. 25, A). Virginia creeper. 
Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene, Ampelopsis quingquefolia Michx. 
Range: 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry available August—February. 
A high-climbing or trailing vine; occurs in sand, loam, clay, and other soils; 
claimed to remain on fence posts not following the wires when planted along 
fences; has been used as a cover on rocky roadsides; resists grazing well; 
12,000-19,000 seeds per pound. 
Var. hirsuta (Donn.) Rehder (P. hirsuta (Donn.) Small), is more hairy 
than the species. 
Stomach records: Thirty-eight species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken; skunk. 
Observations: Eleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, ring-necked 
pheasant, wild turkey; white-tailed deer, eastern chipmunk. 
Parthenocissus texana, see Parthenocissus heptaphylla. 
Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr.) Hitche. Virginia creeper. 
P. laciniata Small, Psedera vitacea Greene. 
Range: 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—October. 
