NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 189 
Pinus chihuahuana, see Pinus leiophylla. 
Pinus clausa (Hngelm.) Vasey. Sand pine. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; persistent, closed for 3 or 4 years. 
A large evergreen tree; occurs commonly on poor sandy soil; wood of some 
importance locally for lumber; 74,000' seeds per pound. 
Pinus contorta Loud. Shore pine. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature August-September of the second season; Seeds 
shed at once or over a period of years; cones long, persistent. 
A large shrub to commonly a small, or rarely, a large tree; two-needled ; 
commonly occurs on sandy soil; close to the sea often forms dense, impenetrable 
thickets; 40,000-280,000 seeds per pound. Var. bolanderi Vasey is a canelike 
dwarf 2 to 5 feet high, with very small cones. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 
Pinus coulteri Don. Coulter pine. 
Range: 4, 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season; seeds shed from 
October onward; cones persistent 5 or 6 years. 
A large evergreen tree; three-needled ; slow growing; wood rarely used except 
for fuel; 1,250 seeds per pound; vitality transient. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 
Pinus divaricata, see Pinus banksianda. 
Pinus echinata Mill. Shortleaf pine. 
P. mitis Michx. 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season; persistent 2 
or more years after ripening. 
A large evergreen tree; commonly two-needled; occurs in sandy and other 
soils; forms a long taproot as a seedling and additional strong laterals later; 
grows poorly on lime or too rich soils; crowded out by loblolly pine on moist 
soils; growth rate at first rapid, later slower; fairly free from fungus and insect 
pests; fairly resistant to fire; stump sprouts but sprouts seldom develop mer- 
chantable trees; wood hard, resinous, much used commercially; 41,000-84,000 
seeds per pound; germination 30-90 percent. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Pine siskin, crossbill. 
Pinus edulis Hngelm. Pifion. 
P. cembroides edulis Voss., Caryopitys edulis (Engelm.) Small. 
Range: 9, 11, 18, 14, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature August-September ; seeds shed September—October, 
cones soon falling. 
A small to large evergreen tree; two- or sometimes three-needled; very re- 
sistant to drought in its natural habitat; very slow growing; wood soft, decaying 
rapidly; locally used for fuel and fence posts; 1,700 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including Mearn’s quail. Observa- 
tions: Seven species* of birds, including Merriam turkey,’ thick-billed parrot; 
porcupine, Hopi chipmunk,’ Magdalena chipmunk,’ cliff chipmunk,’ rock squirrel,” 
New Mexico black bear, antelope ground squirrel,’ mule deer;° much eaten by 
birds and mammals. Seeds eaten by livestock, especially goats. 
Pinus flexilis James. Limber pine. 
Apinus flexilis (James) Rydb. 
Range: 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September, seeds shed by the end of October, 
cones soon falling, 
* These records may refer to other species of pifion pines as well, since the animals were 
stated merely to be eating pifion nuts. 
