196 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
grouse; composed 12.46 percent of winter food of eastern ruffed grouse in 
New York, and 8.8 percent of winter food for the entire northeastern United 
States; mountain sheep. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twelve 
species of birds including spruce grouse, Columbian sharp-tailed grouse, staple 
winter food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse; staple food of greater prairie 
chicken, northern sharp-tailed grouse, pinnated, gray, and ruffed grouse; im- 
portant food of white-tailed deer; preferred food of snowshoe hare; porcu- 
pine; important food of Pacific coast beaver; Sonora deer, moose; cottontail 
rabbit; broad-tailed beaver; staple food of mule deer; favorite food of beavers, 
few other trees being cut where these are present. A chief source of propolis. 
Nearly all western species are palatable to livestock. 
Populus acuminata Rydb. Lanceleaf cottonwood. 
Range: 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy or rocky soils; wood used locally. 
Populus alba L. White poplar. 
Range: 6, 8, 9, 11, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large tree; introduced from Eurasia and more or less naturalized in the 
regions indicated; much attacked by scale and canker in Indiana; many varie- 
ties in cultivation. 
Populus angulata, see Populus sargentii. 
Populus angustifolia James. Narrowleaf cottonwood. 
Range: 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15 (Black Hills). 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, rapid-growing tree; wood used locally. 
Populus arizonica Sarg. Arizona cottonwood. 
P. mexicana of Amer. auths., not Westm. 
Range: 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, rapid-growing, short-lived tree; wood much used locally. 
Observations: Beaver. 
Populus aurea, see Populus tremuloides, 
Populus balsamifera L. Balsam poplar. 
P. tacamahaca Mill., P. candicans Michx. 
Range: 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available May—June. 
A large tree; commonly occurs in any wet soil; root system deep, spreading; 
rapid growing, somewhat short-lived ; wood used commercially; vitality of seeds 
transient; germination percentage of seeds low. The much planted Carélina 
poplar is believed to be a hybrid between this and P. nigra L. 
Stomach records: Stone caribou. Observations: Ruffed grouse. 
Populus besseyana Dode. 
Range: 8, 12, 15. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large tree. 
Populus candicans, see Populus balsamifera. 
Populus cercidiphylla, see Populus tremuloides. 
Populus deltoides Marsh. Eastern cottonwood. 
P. virginiana Fourg. 
Ranger 5, 17,8419. 20)521922.523.9245 25, 26,2260 25, ZOU: 
Site: Well-drained moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule available May—June. 
A large tree; commonly occurs in rich soil; root system shallow, wide- 
spreading; appears to thrive in any moist soil; very rapid growing, short- 
