D4 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
portance as a honey plant. Of no value as forage for cattle; poor to fair for 
sheep. 
Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Yellow buckthorn. 
Ranger L7 205 22.25.28, 297730: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Hruit: Drupe, available September—November. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May—June; occurs on limestone, 
ioam, and other soils; susceptible to the crown rust of oats. 
Stomach records: Catbird. 
Rhamnus catalinae, see Rhamnus crocea. 
Rhamnus confinis, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. 
Rhamnus crocea Nutt. (pl. 29, A, B). Hollyleaf buckthorn. 
Range: 3, 5, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A small to large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree; partially evergreen; 
flowers February—May; densely branched; experimentally susceptible to the 
crown rust of oats. 
Var. insularis Sarg. (R. insularis Greene, R. pirifolia Greene, R. catalinae, 
Davids.) has larger berries, and occurs in region 5. Var. ilicifolia (Kellogg) 
Greene (R. ilicifolia Kellogg) has spiny leaves, is more commonly treelike, and 
occurs in regions 4, 5, and 10. Var. pilosa Trel. (R. pilosa Abrams) occurs in 
region 5. 
Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: California mule deer. 
Rhamnus cuspidata, see Rhamnus californica. 
Rhamnus ellipsoidea, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. 
Rhamnus fasciculata, see Rhamnus smithii. 
Rhamnus humboldtiana, see Karwinskia humboldtiana. 
Rhamnus ilicifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. 
Rhamnus insularis, see Rhamnus crocea. 
Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Lance-leaved buckthorn. 
Range: 22, 25, 27, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Kruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A small to large shrub; flowers in May; commonly occurs on calcareous soils; 
susceptible to crown rust of oats. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds. 
Rhamnus maculata, see Karwinskia humboldtiana. 
Rhamnus obtusifolia, see Condalia obtusifolia. 
Rhamnus obtusissima, see Rhamnus californica. 
Rhamnus occidentalis, see Rhamnus californica. 
Rhamnus pilosa, see Rhamnus croced. 
Rhamnus pirifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. 
Rhamnus purshiana DC. (pl. 30, A, B). Cascara. 
Range? 1:52, 3:94. 6,¢:29) steak, ii2s 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 
A small to large shrub or a small to large tree; occurs on sand, gravel, loam, 
and other soils; experimentally susceptible to the crown rust of oats; coppices 
freely after cutting ; bark of impertance commercially ; commonly smaller south- 
ward; 4,735 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Seven species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds, 
including Oregon ruffed grouse, band-tailed pigeon; New Mexico black bear; of 
fair importance as browse for mule deer; Olympic black bear, Oregon gray fox, 
raccoon, ring-tailed cat. Without forage value for livestock. 
Rhamunus revoluta, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. 
