NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 215 
Trichostema lanatum Benth. 
T. parishii Vasey. 
Range: 9. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike. 
A small to large, leafy shrub; flowers May—June. 
Trichostema parishii, see Trichostema lanatum. 
Trixis californica Kellogg. American trixis. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, bushy shrub. Lightly browsed by cattle in winter and early spring. 
Tsuga spp. Hemlocks. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Nine species of birds, includ- 
ing ruffed grouse. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Pine siskin ; 
porcupine; Douglas’ squirrel, Cascade squirrel, Sierra chickaree, Richardson’s 
squirrel, Townsend’s chipmunk, Cooper’s chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, Pacific 
mountain beaver, Olympic black bear; rarely cut for building material, not food, 
by beaver. 
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern hemlock. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone, mature in October, seeds shed during winter, cones falling 
in the spring of the second year. 
A large, evergreen tree; root system very shallow except in deep soils; gener- 
ally free from fungi; easily killed by humus fires; attacked by eastern hemlock 
borer ; easily wind damaged ; wood of importance commercially ; bark a valuable 
source of tannin; seed produced abundantly at intervals of 2 or 3 years; 
144,000-279,000 seeds per pound, germination 30-60 percent; some 16 varieties in 
cultivation. 
Stomach records: Hight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp- 
tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Nine species of birds; seventh 
most important preferred winter food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts; 
browsed to some extent by northern white-tailed deer in Michigan; red squirrel, 
snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit. i 
Tsuga caroliniana Hngelm. Carolina hemlock. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone, mature September—October. 
A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and spreading; wood of some 
importance commercially. 
Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western hemlock. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 6, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August, seeds shed September—October, cones 
falling by spring. 
A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and spreading except on deep 
soils; slow growing, long-lived; easily injured by fire; susceptible to insect 
damage; wood of considerable importance commercially; 274,000-324,000 seeds 
per pound, produced abundantly at intervals of 2 or 3 years. 
Stomach records: Two species of birds; plains white-tailed deer, black- 
tailed deer. Observations: Browsed as a last resort by Olympic wapiti. 
Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Sarg. Mountain hemlock. 
Hesperopeuce mertensiana (Bong.) Rydb. 
Range: 4, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; seeds shed September—October, cones falling by spring. 
A large evergreen tree; slow growing, probably long-lived; wood not used 
commercially; seed produced abundantly every several years; 102,000-207,000 
seeds per pound, vitality transient. 
Stomach records: Crow, sooty grouse. 
Tulipastrum, acuminatum, see Magnolia acuminata. 
Tulipastrum cordatum, see Magnolia. cordata. 
