276 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
Tumion californicum (Torr.) Greene. California-nutmeg. 
Torreya californica Torr. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupelike, available September—October. 
A large, dioecious, evergreen tree; wood durable, locally used for fence posts. 
Tumion taxifolium (Arn.) Greene. Stinking-cedar. 
Torreya taxvifolia Arn. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupelike. 
A large evergreen tree; commonly occurs on limestone soils; wood used 
locally for fence posts. 
Tumionella monactis, see Aplopappus cooperi. 
Tyria myricaefolia, see Bernardia myricaefolia. 
Ulex europaeus L. Gorse. 
Ranges A, 2.27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available August—October. 
A small to large, very spiny evergreen shrub; flowers May-July; foliage 
extremely dense; occurs on sand, loam, clay, and other soils; forms im- 
penetrable thickets; introduced from Europe and locally established in the 
regions indicated; able to survive burial in sand; almost explosively inflam- 
mable; tolerant of saline conditions; aggressively spreading in regions 1 and 2. 
Not grazed by livestock. Of some value as a honey plant. 
Uimus spp. Elms. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Seven species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to spe- 
cific records) : Nine species of birds; an emergency food of pinnated grouse in 
Wisconsin and Jowa; greater prairie chicken; fox squirrel, red squirrel; a 
favorite food of muskrat. 
All native species of elm are susceptible to the Dutch elm disease, caused 
by the fungus Ceratostomeila ulmi. The virulence of the disease is very great 
and every effort should be made to prevent its further spread. Interstate 
movement of some species from certain States is prohibited because of the 
disease. The principal resistant species is the Asiatic U. pumila. Members 
of this genus are also seriously subject to the attacks of the Texas root rot 
caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. 
Ulmus alata Michx. Winged elm. 
Range: 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available in March. 
A large tree; occurs in gravel, loam, and other soils; wood used commercially ; 
easily transplanted; much cultivated. 
Observations: White-tailed deer. 
Ulmus americana L. American elm. 
Range: 15216, 18.19). 20:01. 22) 25. 25, 260 20 ee ee ee 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available March—May. 
A large tree; root system very shallow; rapid growing, long-lived; much 
subject to defoliating insects and borers; not wind-firm; comparatively fire 
resistant; wood of this species is the most important commercially of the 
elms; 53,000-100,000 seeds per pound, germination as much as 99 percent; 
much cultivated; resistant to drought; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, Hungarian partridge; opossum. 
Observations: Five species of birds including Hungarian partridge, pinnated 
grouse; cottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare; heavily browsed by white-tailed deer. 
Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. Cedar elm. 
Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available September—November. 
A large shrub or more commonly a large tree; may occur on alluvial soil 
or dry limestone; a shrub in dry situations; wood used commercially to 2 
limited extent; somewhat cultivated. 
