74 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
A large tree with open foliage ; rapid growing when young ; short-lived ; little 
attacked by insects or disease ; coppices when cut ; wood used commercially to 
some extent. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Five species of birds includ- 
ing ruffed grouse and wild turkey ; white-tailed deer. 
Eetula occidentalis, see Betiila fontinalis and B. papyrifera. 
Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper birch. 
B. alha papyrifera (Marsh) Spach. 
Range : 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available August-September. 
A large, short-lived tree ; rapid growing when young, later slower ; root system 
shallow, superficial; a pioneer on burned-over areas; free from insects and 
disease ; easily fire-damaged ; wood used commercially to some extent ; about 
700,000 seeds per pound, germination about 21 percent, seed vitality transient. 
Var. sulcordata (Rydb.) Sarg., {B. sudcordata Rydb.), the paper birch, oc- 
curs in region 12. Var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern., {B. cordifolia Regel) occurs 
in regions 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, and 27. Var. occidentalis (Hook.) Sarg., {B. occi- 
dentalis Hook.), the western paper birch occurs in regions 1, 2, and 12. Var. 
montanensis (Butler) Sarg., (B. montanensis Butler) occurs in region 12. 
Var. minor (Tuckerm.) Fern., (B. papyracea var. Tuckerm.), is a shrub occur- 
ring in regions 23 and 27, strictly in bogs. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, Observations: Redpoll, 
preferred food of ruffed grouse in Maine; snowshoe hare; important food of 
moose on Isle Royale ; sparingly browsed by northern white-tailed deer. 
Betula pendnla, see Betula coerulea. 
Betula piperi, see Betula fontinalis. 
Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray birch. 
Range: 24, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available in September. 
A small to large short-lived tree; fairly rapid growing; free from insects 
and disease ; easily storm-damaged ; coppices freely when cut ; wood used 
commercially to some extent ; generally occurs in poor sandy or gravelly soils. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: Five species of birds; white-tailed deer. 
Betula pumila L. Swamp birch. 
Range : 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site : Moist, sun. 
Fruit : Small samara or nutlet, available September-October. 
A small to large shrub. 
Var. glandulifera Regel {B. glandulifera (Regel) Butter), is a shrub occurring 
in regions 18, 21, 23, and 24. 
Betula subcordata, see Betula papyrifera. 
Betula utahensis, see Betula fontinalis. 
Bigelovla acradenius, see Aplapappus acradenius. 
Bigelovia arborescens, see Aplopappus ar^borescens. 
Bigelovia brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. 
Bigelovia depressa, see Chrysotliamnus depi'essus. 
Bigelovia douglasii, see Chrysotliamnus viscidiflorus. 
Bigelovia greenei, see Chrysotliamnus greenei. 
Bigelovia nelsonii, see Aplopappus laricifolius. 
Bigelovia paniculata, see Clirysothamnus paniculatus. 
Bigelovia parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. 
Bigelovia parryi, see Chrysotliamnus parry i. 
Bigelovia pulchella, see Chrysotliamnus pulchellus. 
