gg MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
Caudoleucaena retusa, see Leucaena return. 
Ceanothus spp. Ceanothus. 
Generally large shrubs to small trees ; ordinarily occur on more or less acid 
soil ; nodules on the roots of the species assist in nitrogen fixation in the same 
manner as in the legumes ; the deciduous forms are generally characteristic of 
drier soil and lower slopes ; evergreen forms more characteristic of higher 
moisture slopes. Propagation is by seed treated with hot water followed by 
stratification as given for each species ; seed can be germinated without any 
treatment, but low percentage of germination must be expected; many species 
can also be propagated by stem or root cuttings. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 15 species of birds, includ- 
ing bobwhite, 2 species of western quail and mourning dove ; mountain sheep, 
Columbian chipmunk. Mono chipmunk, gray-sided jack rabbit, black-tailed deer. 
O'bservations (in addition to specific records) : Olympic wapiti. Rocky Mountain 
black-tailed deer, mule deer, alpine chipmunk. The deciduous forms are gen- 
erally palatable to livestock but the evergreen forms are usually worthless. 
Ceanothus americanus L. Jersey-tea. 
Range : 17, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Capsule, available September-November. 
A small, bushy shrub: flowers May-July; root system very large, taproot 
very well developed, deep penetrating in sandstone, limestone, sand, clay, and 
other soils. 
Stomach records: Four species of birds including bobwhite and wild turkey. 
Ceanothus arboreus Greene. Island myrtle. 
Range: 5. 
Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. 
A large shrub to small tree ; flowers Ferbruary-March ; crown open ; foliage 
very ample ; 90 percent germination of seeds may be obtained by treating with 
hot water at 194° F. ; about 48,000 seeds per pound. 
Ceanothus californicus, see Ceanothus integerrimus. 
Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg. Mountain whitethorn. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. 
A small, wide-spreading, intricately-branched, thorny shrub ; flowers June- 
July ; thicket forming ; occurs from 6,000 to 9,(KX) feet ; stump sprouts and 
reproduces by seed very well after fires ; seeds treated ^vith hot water to 176° F., 
then stratified 3i/^ months at 36° germinate up to 65 percent; seeds boiled 
1 minute and stratified 3 months germinate up to 60 percent. 
O'bservations: Mountain quail; of outstanding importance as browse for mule 
deer; mountain beaver. Considered inferior browse for cattle, but much used 
by sheep; fairly resistant to grazing. 
Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. Deer hrusi. 
C. insular is Eastw. 
Range : 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit : Capsule. 
A large, much-branched evergreen shrub ; flowers January-April ; occurs 
below 3,5()0 feet ; foliage rather open ; very inflammable ; rarely coppices ; 
intolerant of shade ; propagation by seed heated to 70° C. in water, then cooled, 
and stratified 3 months at 35° F. ; germination of 76 percent is thus obtained; 
about 33,000 seeds per pound. 
Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. 
Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. "Wedgeleaf ceanothus. 
Range: 8, 4, 5. 
Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Capsule. 
A small to large evergi-een shrub ; flowers March-May ; occurs below 5,000 
feet ; spreading, rigid, intricately branched and with dense foliage ; thicket 
forming ; often sprawling ; crown sprouts abundantly after fires ; forms im- 
penetrable thickets but seldom makes a continuous cover; regenerates from 
