130 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
Pranseria erioeentra Gray. Woolly bur-sage. 
Gaertneria erioeentra Kuntze. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site : Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Bur. 
A small, rigid, spreading shrub ; usually occurs on sandy soil. 
ffranseria ilicifolia Gray. Hollyleaf bur-sage. 
GaertneiHa ilicifolia Kuntze. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Bur. 
A small, rigid, mudi-branched, evergreen shrub ; usually occurs on sand ; 
leaves somewhat spiny. 
Fraxinus spp. Ash. 
All species usually occur on neutral soil ; propagation is by seed stratified 
at 32°-50° F. for 30 to 90 days and sown in spring, or sown directly In the 
fall although seeds sometime remain dormant until the second year; rapid 
growing when young ; usually easily transplanted. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seven species of birds, 
including bobvv^hite; white-tailed v> deer. Observations (in addition to specific 
records) : Five species of birds; an important food of white-tailed deer in 
Massachusetts; porcupine; a reserve food and building material for beaver. 
Important source of pollen for bees. 
Fraxinus americana L. White ash. 
Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Y/ell-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available October-November. 
A large tree; occurs on many kinds of soil; flowers April-June; root sys- 
tem fibrous, deep; rapid growing; much attacked by borers; not extensively 
damaged by fungi; much cultivated; wood of great importance commercially; 
6,000 seeds per pound, germination of seed 40 percent, about 1,500 usable plants 
per pound of seed. 
Var. microcarpa Gray is a shrub ordinarily growing in drier situations and 
bearing smaller fruit. 
Observations: Purple finch, pine grosbeak; cottontail rabbit, porcupine, white- 
tailed deer. 
Fraxinus anomala Wats. Dwarf ash. 
Range : 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, 
A large shrub to small tree ; 22,000 seeds per pound, about 5,000 usable plants 
per pound of seed. Provides at least poor and sometimes fair to fairly good 
browse for goats, sheep, and cattle. 
Erasinus attenuata, see Fraxinus velutina. 
Frasinus berlandieriana DC. Mexican ash. 
Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available in May. 
A large dioecious tree. 
Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle. Biltmore white ash. 
Range : 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large dioecious tree ; flowers April-May ; very similar to F. americana but 
more hairy. 
Fraxinus ealifornica, see Fraxinus oregona. 
Fraxinus caroliniana MiU. Water ash. 
F. caroliniana rehderiana Sarg., F. platycarpa Michx. 
Range : 28, 29, 30. 
Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Samara. ^ 
A large dioecious tree ; flowers March-April. 
