NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES X85 
Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White spruce. 
P. glauca (Moench.) Voss., P. alha Link. 
Range: 12, 15 (Black Hills), 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Cone ; seeds shed in September, cones soon falling. 
A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow and spreading ; wood of great 
importance commercially ; seed produced locally every year but heavy seed pro- 
duction occurs at intervals of 5 to 8 years ; vitality of seed persistent ; 130,000- 
230,000 seeds per pound. Ten horticultural varieties are in cultivation; long- 
lived. 
Stomach records: Crossbill ; mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer. Observa- 
tions: Bight species of birds ; porcupine, red squirrel, moose; casually browsed by 
northern white-tailed deer. 
Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm. Engelmann spruce. 
P. parryana Sarg. 
Range : 4, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15. 
Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Cone ; mature in August, seeds shed by October, cones falling 
by spring. 
A large evergreen tree; root system shallow; growth fair on dry soil; long- 
lived; wood much used commercially; 0.5 pound of seed per bushel of cones, 
69,000-376,000 seeds per pound ; germination 34-68 percent ; seeds produced in 
quantity locally about every 3 years ; seed vitality persistent, as much as 30-50 
percent after 5 years when properly stored. 
Stomacli record: Three species of birds, including dusky grouse ; black-tailed 
deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Red squirrel, porcupine, bighorn. 
Picea glauca, see Picea canadensis. 
P'icea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Black spruce. 
P. mariana brevifolia Rehd. 
Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Cone ; mature in August, persistent many years. 
A large evergreen tree ; commonly most abundant on acid soils ; root- system 
shallow and widespreading ; slow growing; somewhat damaged by insects and 
fungi; wood of little Importance commercially; seeds produced abundantly at 
irregular intervals; 540,000 seeds per pound, vitality persistent; prostrate 
branches often root. 
Stomach records: Blue heron, crossbill. Observations: Seven species of birds; 
snowshoe hare, porcupine. 
Picea parryana, see Picea engelmannii and P. pungens. 
Picea pungens Engelm. Blue spruce. 
P. parryana (Andre) Parry. 
Range : 9, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; available in August, seeds shed in September, most cones 
persistent until the following autumn. 
A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow in wet soils ; deeper in dry soils ; 
long-lived ; wood of least value commercially of the spruces ; abundant seed 
crops produced every 2 or 3 years ; 80,000-130,000 seeds per pound, germination 
48-77 percent, vitality long persistent ; brilliant color of forms (as Koster spruce)' 
gradually lost with age. 
Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds. 
Picea rubens, see Picea rubra. 
Picea rubra Link. Eed sprues. 
P. rubens Sarg. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Cone ; available in September, most seeds falling by late faU^ 
a few the following spring. 
