212 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
Quercns all)a L. White oak. 
Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-October. 
A large tree, or rarely a low shrub witli altitude; root system deep, taproot 
well developed ; slow growing, very long-lived ; not seriously injured by insects 
or fungi ; not very fire resistant ; dilScult to transplant even as seedling ; wood 
durable, of great importance commercially ; bark a source of tannin ; fruit borne 
when trees are 20 to 40 years old ; full crops borne at intervals of 8 to 10 years, 
but some seed produced almost annually ; 100-150 seeds per pound, germination 
75-95 percent ; coppice shorter lived and more tolerant of shade than seed-grown 
stock. Several varieties have been described, all of which occur within the range 
of the species. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, bob- 
white, ruffed grouse, wild turkey ; an important food of white-tailed deer ; cotton- 
tail rabbit ; forms a considerable proportion of the food of the red squirrel. 
Quercus alvordiana, see Quercus diimosa. 
Quercus andromeda, see Quercus virginiana. 
Quercus annulata, see Quercus drevilola. 
Quercus aquatica, see Quercus nigra. 
Q-uercus arizonlca Sarg. Arizona wliite oak. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September-November. 
A small to large shrub or small tree; fruit ripens very irregularly; a small 
shrub at higher elevations. 
Odservations: Thick-billed parrots; highly palatable to captive deer. 
Quercus arkansana Sarg. Arkansas oak. 
Range: 29. 
Site : Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial. 
A large tree ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; has been considered a hybrid 
between Q. rdgra and Q. marilandica. 
Quercus austrina, see Quercus durandii. 
Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp v/hite oak. 
Q. platanoides (La Marck) Sudw. 
Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-October. 
A large tree ; root system somewhat shallow ; free from insects and diseases, 
fire-damaged especially when young ; produces stump sprouts ; wood durable, of 
commercial value ; 90-125 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent. 
Quercus borealis Mlchx. f. Northern red oak. 
Q. ruhra of auths., not L. 
Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available October-November. 
A very large tree ; rapid growing when young, long-lived ; taproot deep ; pro- 
duces a denser shade than most oaks ; severely injured by fire ; much attacked 
by borers and subject to fungus attack, especially heart rot ; apparently not 
drought resistant ; coppices freely when young ; wood of great importance com- 
mercially ; SQl-IOO seeds per pound, germination 80-95 percent. 
Var. horealis maxima (Marsh.) xishe, {Q. maxima Ashe) is a large-fruited 
form occurring within the range of the species. 
Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Observations: Ruffed grouse: tenth 
most important food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts : forms a considerable 
portion of the food of red squirrels ; cottontail rabbit ; heavily browsed by moose 
on Isle Royal. Cbsei'vatioois: Bobwhite; eaten by white-tailed deer in Missouri, 
and northern white-tailed deer In Michigan. 
