222 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
A small to large shrub or small to large tree; somewhat evergreen; forms 
thickets of vast extent; bears great quantities of nut galls. 
Var. pungens Engelm. {Q. pungens Liebm.), the holly oak, occurs in regions 
9 and 11. 
Stomach records: Prairie chicken. Fair to fairly good cattle feed in winter 
and spring ; good goat feed, especially in spring. 
Quercus utahensis (DC.) Rydb. Kocky Mountain white oak. 
Q. stellata utahensis DC. 
Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large tree ; root system shallow with occasional deep-feeding branches, or 
sometimes altogether deep ; wood used to some extent for fuel. 
Stomach records: Porcupine, black-tailed deer. 
ftuercTis vaccinifolia Kellogg. Huckleberry oak. 
Q. chrysolepis vaccinifolia (Kellogg) Engelm. 
Range: 4. 
Site : Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A small, thicket-forming evergreen shrub. 
Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Of outstanding importance as 
browse for mule deer. Acorns readily eaten by livestock, but foliage of low 
palatability. 
ftuercus vaseyana, see Querciis undulata. 
Quercus velutina Lam. Black oak. 
Range : 20, 22, 23, 24. 25, 26, 27, 2S, 29, 30. 
Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available October-November. 
A large tree ; commonly occurs on poor soil ; taproot at first well developed, 
later superficial; seedlings slow growing; long-lived; coppice freely produced, 
rapid growing, short-lived ; wind-firm ; rarely injured by insects, except when 
fire-damaged ; susceptible to drought injury ; easily fire-damaged ; wood used 
commercially ; usually attacked by heart rot ; 130-300 seeds per pound, germi- 
nation 80 percent or more. 
Var. missouriensis Sarg., {Q. Iciodermis Ashe), the smooth-bark oak, occurs 
with the species westward. 
Observations: Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. 
QuercTis venustula Greene. 
Range: 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit : Acorn, annual. 
A small to large shrub ; acorns commonly produced abundantly. 
Quercus virginiana Mill. Live oak. 
Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 29, 30, 31. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-October. 
A small to large slirub or small to large, evergreen tree ; occurs on sand, 
clay, and alluvial soils; root system deep, spreading: fruit often produced 
by plants 12 inches in height; able to grow very close to the sea, where roots 
may be covered with salt water at high tide ; rapid growing at first, later 
slower ; long-lived ; free from insects and diseases ; produces stump sprouts ; 
branches very wide-spreading ; wood durable, of little importance commercially. 
Var. geminata (Small) Sarg., {Q. gcminata Small) occurs in regions 29 and 30. 
Var. virescens Sarg. occurs in Florida. Var. macropliylla Sarg., with larger 
leaves, occurs in southeastern Texas. Var. eximea Sarg., {Q. andromeda Ridd.) 
of eastern Louisiana, has smaller leaves and acorns. Var, fusiformis (Small) 
Sarg., (Q. fusifonnis Small) occurs in regions 16 and 20 and is generally 
shrubby. Var. minima (Small) Sarg., (Q. minima Small, Q. virginiana dentata 
Chapm.) occurs in region 30, is usually less than 3 feet high, and has under- 
ground stems. Var. maritima (Michx.) Small occurs in regions 29 and 30 and 
is shrubby. Var. pygmaea Sarg. has smaller acorns, is a shrub, and occurs 
in region 30. 
