224 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
portance as a honey plant. Of no value as forage for cattle ; poor to fair for 
sheep. 
Rliamniis caroliniana Walt. Yellow buckthorn. 
Range : 17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Drupe, available September-November. 
A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers May-June ; occurs on limestone, 
loam, and other soils ; susceptible to the crown rust of oats. 
Stomach records: Catbird. 
Rhamnus catalinae, see Rhanmus crocea. 
Rhamnns confinis, see Rhanmus hetulaefoUa. 
Ehamnus crocea Nutt. (pi. 20, A, B). Hollyleaf buckthorn. 
Range: 3, 5, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. 
A small to large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree; partially evergreen; 
flowers February-May ; densely branched ; experimentally susceptible to the 
crown rust of oats. 
Var. insularis Sarg. (R. insularis Greene, R. piri folia Greene, R. catalmae, 
Davids.) has larger berries, and occurs in region 5. Var. ilici folia (Kellogg) 
Greene {R. ilici folia Kellogg) has spiny leaves, is more commonly treelike, and 
occurs in regions 4, 5, and 10. Var. pilosa Trel. {R. pilosa Abrams) occurs in 
region 5. 
Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: California mule deer. 
Hhamnus cnspidata, see Rhanmus californica. 
Rhamnns ellipsoidea, see Rhamnus 'betulaefolia. 
Rhamnns fascicnlata, see Rhanmus smithii. 
Rhamnus humboldtiana, see Karivinskia himidoldtiana. 
Rhamnus ilicifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. 
Rhamnus insularis, see Rhamnus crocea. 
Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Lance-leaved buckthorn. 
Range: 22, 25, 27, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A small to large shrub ; flowers in May ; commonly occurs on calcareous soils ; 
susceptible to crown rust of oats. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds. 
Rhamnus maculata, see KarwinsJcia humboldtiana. 
Rhamnus obtusifolia, see Condalia ohtusifolia. 
Rhamnus obtusissima, see Rhamnus californica. 
Rhamnus occidentalis, see Rhamnus californica. 
Rhamnus pilosa, see Rhamnus crocea. 
Rhamnus pirifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. 
Rhamnus purshiana DC. (pi. 30, A, B). Cascara. 
Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 
A small to large shrub or a small to large tree ; occurs on sand, gravel, loam, 
and other soils ; experimentally susceptible to the crown rust of oats ; coppices 
freely after cutting ; bark of importance commercially ; commonly smaller south- 
ward ; 4,735 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Seven species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds, 
including Oregon ruffed grouse, band-tailed pigeon ; New Mexico black bear ; of 
fair importance as browse for mule deer ; Olympic black bear, Oregon gray fox, 
raccoon, ring-tailed cat. Without forage value for livestock. 
Rhamnus revoluta, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. 
