NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 
241 
borer, and the damage is confined to branches rather than trunks. Some 16 
other varieties are known in cultivation. 
Stomach records: Five species of birds, including bobwhite, and mourning 
dove; gray fox, opossum, white-tailed deer. Observations: Four species of 
birds; ranks thirteenth on the list of quail food plants in the Southeast; an 
important food of the bobwhite in Oklahoma ; ring-necked pheasant ; cottontail 
rabbit, snowshoe hare, white-tailed deer. Young shoots and bark poisonous to 
all livestock ; leaves not poisonous ; poisoning cases not infrequent, 
Robinia rusbyi Woot. and Standi. 
Range: 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub to small tree. 
Robinia speciosa Ashe. 
Bange: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
Commonly a small shrub, rarely a large one ; much branched ; unarmed ; 
propagates by root suckers. 
Robinia subvelutina Rydb. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small spiny shrub. 
Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy locust. 
Range: 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in September, persistent through the winter. 
A small to large, spreading tree; extensively naturalized in the eastern 
United States. 
Rosa spp. Wild roses. 
Because of the difficulty of identifying the various species and the fact that 
at present there appears to be consideral3le confusion in the taxonomy of roses, 
the species are here omitted except for the general characterization of the genus. 
Their erosion-control value lies in the fact that many are climbing, sprawl- 
ing, or thicket-forming species, often making a rather dense cover on the sur- 
face of the soil, with the branches usually rooting where they touch the ground. 
Nonclimbing species may produce suckers at various distances from the crown. 
Some species have dense foliage, but others have open foliage. Some may 
often be weedy in fields. The best procedure, in working with roses, as with 
the hawthorns and blackberries, is to choose for planting those species in any 
given region which seem to be doing the best job of erosion control under 
natural conditions. 
Among the thicket-forming species may be mentioned R. caUfornica C. and S., 
R. Carolina L., R. laevigata (the Cherokee rose), R. nutkana Presl, and R. 
pisocarpa Gray. 
Species with more or less outstanding livestock browse records include R. 
acicularis Lindl., R. caUfornica C. and S., R. eglanteria L. {R. ruhiginosa L. ), 
R. fendleri Crep. (probably the most important browse species of the genus), 
R. gymnocarpa Nutt., R. macounii Greene, R. macrantha Greene, R. manca 
Greene, R. melina Greene, R. nutkana Presl, R. pisocarpa Gray, R. sayi 
Schwein., R. spaldingii Crep., R. spifhamea Wats., and R. woodsii Lindl. 
Stomach records (summary) : Thirty-eight species of birds, including ruffed 
grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, and prairie chicken ; composed 1.7 percent 
of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin ; composed 5.6 percent of fall food 
of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin ; composed 3.0 percent of winter food of 
northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario; composed 1.5 percent of 
winter food of ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States ; mountain 
sheep, pale chipmunk, black-tailed deer ; plains white-tailed deer, opossum, 
white-tailed deer, coyote. Ohservations (summary): Sixteen species of birds; 
of considerable importance as food for greater prairie chicken, sharp-tailed 
grouse and ring-necked pheasant ; a greatly preferred food of wild turkey ; fur- 
nishes grit for prairie sharp-tailed grouse, northern sharp-tailed grouse, pin- 
