The vegetative nucleus is 3-5 3 2 um and the nucleo- 

 lus may be as large as 2 um (Griffiths 1959b). 



On the surface of the caryopsis, macroconidia are 

 embedded in a pinkish, slimy mass (Spooner 1987) 

 that dries to form a hard reddish-brown crust (Calvert 

 and Muskett 1945, Hyde 1945) (figures 3-5). When 

 germinating, macroconidia swell and produce one or 

 two germ tubes (Griffiths 1959b). 



Apothecia. Apothecia are small, fleshy, and cup- 

 shaped. One to 7 (usually 1 to 3) apothecia emerge 

 from each infected seed (Prillieux 1897; Gray 1942; 

 Calvert and Muskett 1945; Wilson et al. 1945, 1954) 

 (figure 6). The stipe is smooth, velutinous under 

 magnification, externally white or gray, internally 

 pinkish brown, enlarging upward (Neill and Hyde 

 1939). and longitudinally furrowed (Spooner 1987). 

 The stipe varies from 1 to 10 mm in length and from 

 0.2 to 0.5 mm in diameter (Prillieux and Delacroix 

 1892b. Rerun 1900. Gray 1942, Calvert and Muskett 

 1945) and is composed of hyaline, parallel hyphae, 4- 

 6 um in diameter, occasionally intertwining and 

 seldom branched (Gray 1942, Calvert and Muskett 

 1945). 



Apothecia emerge from the caryopsis and elongate 

 (figure 7). The disk of the apothecium is at first closed 

 (Gray 1942) but opens to cup-shaped and with age 

 becomes saucer-shaped and then flat (Gray 1942, 

 Calvert and Muskett 1945, Spooner 1987) (figures 8 

 and 9). The disc diameter ranges from 1.0 to 7.0 mm 

 (Prillieux and Delacroix 1892b, Rehm 1900, Neill and 

 Hyde 1939, Gray 1942, Calvert and Muskett 1945). 

 The disk color changes from light pinkish brown to 

 deep brown (Calvert and Muskett 1945). orange 

 brown (Spooner 1987), or pale pinkish cinnamon, 

 darkening to cinnamon when old (Neill and Hyde 

 1939, Gray 1942). The margin is smooth and entire 

 (Neill and Hyde 1939. Gray 1942, Calvert and 

 Muskett 1945. Spooner 1987) and is radially wrinkled 

 around the stipe apex (Spooner 1987). 



Hymenium. The hymenium is 100-140 um deep 

 (Williams and Spooner 1991). The subhymenium 

 consists of intricately intertwined and coiled hyphae 

 2.5-3 um in diameter. The subhymenium blends into 

 the medullary excipulum, a 22-27 um deep layer 

 composed of fine, densely intertwining hyphae 2-5 

 um broad (Neill and Hyde 1939. Gray 1942, Williams 

 and Spooner 1991 ). The outermost layer (the ectal 

 excipulum) is 35-40 um thick and is composed of 



parallel to somewhat interwoven hyphae 3.5-4.5 um 

 in diameter (Williams and Spooner 1991) (figure 10). 



Asci. The asci are cylindrical and clavate, with 8 

 spores obliquely placed in a single row (uniseriate) in 

 the upper two-thirds of the ascus (Neill and Hyde 

 1939, Gray 1942, Calvert and Muskett 1945. Spooner 

 1987) (figure 1 1). Ascus size is variable but falls 

 within the range of 66-120 um long 3 3-8 um wide. 

 The ascus base tapers to about 2-5 um (Spooner 1987. 

 Williams and Spooner 1991). The apical cap is 1-3 

 um thick (Alderman 1997), and the apical plug does 

 not stain blue with iodine (Prillieux and Delacroix 

 1892b, Neill and Hyde 1939, Gray 1942. Calvert and 

 Muskett 1945, Wilson et al. 1954, Spooner 1987). 



Ascospores. Ascospores are hyaline, smooth, ellipti- 

 cal, fusoid to broadly fusoid, and usually biguttulate 

 (Neill and Hyde 1939. Gray 1942. Calvert and 

 Muskett 1945). One side is often flattened, or curved, 

 continuous, or rarely developing a central septum 

 (Spooner 1987, Williams and Spooner 1991). As- 

 cospore size is variable, 7-14 3 2.5—4.5 um. Germi- 

 nating ascospores swell to about 10 3 5 um (Neill and 

 Hyde 1939) (figure 12). The first germ tube is termi- 

 nal, followed by a second that is frequently lateral in 

 position and usually constricted at the point of origin. 

 They normally develop a central septum and two polar 

 hyphae, but often lack a septum and have a single 

 polar or lateral hypha (Neill and Hyde 1939, Calvert 

 and Muskett 1945) 



Paraphyses. Paraphyses are fusiform, hyaline, 

 nonseptate (Neill and Hyde 1939, Gray 1942. Calvert 

 and Muskett 1945) or sparsely septate (Spooner 1987) 

 and 1.5-4 um wide (Neill and Hyde 1939, Gray 

 1942). Spooner (1987) described the paraphyses as 

 enlarging at the apex to 2.5-3.0 um, but others (Neill 

 and Hyde 1939, Gray 1942, Calvert and Muskett 

 1945) reported that the apex was not swollen. Para- 

 physes are as long as or slightly longer than the asci 

 (figure 13). 



Growth on Media 



On a nutrient medium such as potato dextrose agar, G. 

 temulenta grows slowly and produces a partly sub- 

 merged, branching, hyaline, septate mycelium (Neil 

 and Hyde 1939, Calvert and Muskett 1945). Spolia- 

 tion and slime production occur after 7 days (Calvert 

 and Muskett 1945, Wilson et al. 1945. Hair 1952) and 

 in culture appears reddish brown (Neill and Hyde 

 1939) or chocolate brown (Wilson et al. 1945). The 



