PLANT MORPHOGENESIS FOR SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT OF RANGE RESOURCES 



121 



Much remains to be done to utilize existing 

 knowledge in improving management practices. 

 Because of their diversity, biological plasticity, 

 and aggressive growth habits, annual species of- 

 fer interesting opportunities for forage produc- 

 tion. More information is needed on responses 

 to manipulation by grazing and fertilization and 

 on ways to manipulate competition during seed- 

 ling establishment. 



Annual forage plants have not always re- 

 ceived the credit due them because of precon- 

 ceived ideas embodied in range management 

 practices that are based on climax concepts. An- 

 nuals are generally regarded as invaders (in- 

 deed most are) and they are listed as prime in- 

 dicators of depleted or poor range conditions 

 (which very well can be true in many cases). 

 However, in some areas, annuals represent a tre- 

 mendous grazing resource where they are rela- 

 tively stable from year to year. Annuals often 

 keep the community closed and make the most 

 of the potential of favorable weather conditions. 



Literature Cited 



(1) Ayeke, C. A., and C. M. McKell. 



1969. EARLY SEEDING GROWTH OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS 

 AND SMILO AS AFFECTED BY NUTRITION. J. 



Range Mangt. 22: 29-32. 



(2) Bentley, J. R., and L. R. Green. 



1954. STIMULATION OF NATIVE ANNUAL CLOVERS 

 THROUGH APPLICATION OF SULFUR ON CALIFOR- 

 NIA foothill range. J. Range Mangt. 7 : 25-30. 



(3) and M. W. Talbot. 



1951. EFFICIENT USE OF ANNUAL PLANTS ON CATTLE 

 RANGES IN THE CALIFORNIA FOOTHILLS. U.S. 



Dept. Agr. Cir. 870. 



(4) Biswell, H.H. 



1956. ECOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA GRASSLAND. J. Range 



Mangt. 9: 19-24. 



(5) Daubenmibe, R. F. 



1940. PLANT SUCCESSION DUE TO OVERGRAZING IN THE 

 AGROPYRON BUNCHGRASS PRAIRIE OF SOUTH- 

 EASTERN Washington. Ecol. 21 : 55-64. 



(6) Davis, L. A., and H. M. Laude. 



1964. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TILLERS IN BROMUS MOL- 

 LIS l. Crop Sci. 4 : 477-480. 



(7) Eckert, R. E. Jr., and R. A. Evans. 



1967. a chemical fallow technique for control 

 of downy brome and establishment of per- 

 ENNIAL GRASSES ON RANGELANDS. J. Range 



Mangt. 20: 35-41. 



(8) Evans, R. A. 



1960. DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF THREE SPECIES OF 

 THE ANNUAL GRASSLAND TYPE TO PLANT COM- 

 PETITION AND MINERAL NUTRITION. Ecol. 41: 



305-310. 



(9) 



B. L. Kay. and C. M. McKell. 



1963. HERBICIDES TO PREVENT SEED SET OR GERMINA- 

 TION of medusahead. Weeds 11 : 273-276. 



(10) Harris, G. A., and A. M. Wilson. 



1970. COMPETITION FOR MOISTURE AMONG SEEDLINGS 

 OF ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL GRASSES AS INFLU- 

 ENCED BY ROOT ELONGATION AT LOW TEMPERA- 

 TURE. Ecol. 51: 530-534. 



(11) Heady, H. F. 



1956. CHANGES IN A CALIFORNIA ANNUAL PLANT 

 COMMUNITY INDUCED BY MANIPULATION OF 

 natural mulch. Ecol. 37 : 798-812. 



(12) 



(13) 



1958. vegetational changes in the California an- 

 nual type. Ecol. 39: 402-416. 



— D. W. Cooper. J. W. Rible, and J. E. 



Hooper. 



1963. comparative forage values of california 



oatgrass and soft chess. J. Range Mangt. 



16: 51-54. 



(14) Hervey, D. F. 



1949. reaction of a California annual type com- 

 munity to fire. J. Range Mangt. 2 : 116-121. 



(15) Hoglund, O. K., H. W. Miller, and A. L. Hafen- 



RICHTER. 



1952. APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS TO AID CONSERVA- 

 TION OF ANNUAL FORAGE RANGE. J. Range 



Mangt. 5 : 55-61. 



(16) HULBERT, L. C. 



1955. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BROMUS TECTORUM AND 

 OTHER ANNUAL BROME GRASSES. EcOl. MonOg. 



25: 181-213. 



(17) Hull, A. C, and J. Pechanek. 



1947. CHEATGRASS — A CHALLENGE TO RANGE RE- 

 SEARCH. J. Forestry 45 : 555-564. 



(18) Hurtt, L. C. 



1939. DOWNY BROME (CHEATGRASS) RANGE FOR 



horses. U.S. Forest Service. Northern Rocky 

 Mt. Forest and Range Expt. Sta. Appl. For 

 estry Note 89. 



(19) Jameson, D. A. 



1963. RESPONSE of individual plants to harvest- 

 ing. Bot. Review 29: 532-594. 



(20) Janti, A., and P. J. Kramer. 



1956. regrowth of pastures in relation to soil 

 moisture and defoliation. Proc. VII Inter- 

 nal. Grassl. Congr., New Zealand. Pp. 33-44. 



(21) Jones, M. B.. and R. A. Evans. 



1960. botanical composition changes in annual 

 grassland as affected by fertilization and 

 grazing. Agron. J. 52 : 459-461. 



