13. Obvious scar and pitching of wood at base of injury or 
14. 
15. 
16. 
U7. 
18. 
Ig 
34 
along twigs; conifers 
Scale bodies present on twig 
Homoptera, Margarodidae 
Scale bodies absent .................. Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
Numerous phloem scars on twigs; spittle masses may 
be’ present #02". 0) anes ae Homoptera, Cercopidae 
(Hail injury is similar except that the scars are al- 
ways on top side of branch) 
Twigs slit with a lacerated wound at base of injury or at 
point of breaking 
Homoptera, Cicadidae, Membracidae 
Orthoptera, Gryllidae 
D. Borers in Wood and Bark 
Borers in the phloem and outer corky bark of living 
trees rarely scarring the: wood 444 6 ee 
Borers in callous tissue around wounds 
On various hardwoods ........ Coleoptera, Curculionidae 
On maplesa:treer oti sees Lepidoptera, Aegeriidae 
Oni coniters7: es 25 Lepidoptera, Aegeridae, Phycitidae 
Borers in the dead wood beneath fire scars, turpentined 
faces, blazes, cavities, and similar wounds .................... 
Borers under the bark or in the wood (other than be- 
neath scars or catfaces) of living trees 0... 
Bark beetles associated with their larvae under the bark 
Coleoptera, Scolytidae 
Root borers or mining at base of tree 
White, unpigmented larvae 
Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
Highly pigmented larvae 
Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae 
Serpentine mines just under the epidermis of chestnut 
and oak _.. Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae 
Ambrosia beetles; wood stained around holes 
Coleoptera, Scolytidae Platypodidae 
White, fleshy, cylindrical larvae in hardwoods 
Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Brentidae 
White, fleshy, flat-headed larvae in turpentined faces in 
fire scars on conifers | Coleoptera, Buprestidae 
Larvae with heavy, chitinous armature on last segment; 
chestnut, oak, maple ... Coleoptera 
Larval mines extended under the bark and also deep into 
the wood in later stages 
Larval mines entirely under the bark or only in wood of 
current annual ring 
Pitch exuding from larval mines; larvae with prolegs 
present; conifers Lepidoptera, 
No pitch, but often water and frass exuding 
Head of larvae globular, protuberant 
Head of larvae somewhat flattened and embedded in 
prothorax Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
15 
16 
ey 
22 
18 
21 
i 
20 
