conspicuous ovipositors; auditory organs on the sides of the first 
abdominal segment; greatly enlarged hind legs; narrow front 
wings; and broad, membranous, fanlike hindwings. 
The majority of short-horned grasshoppers breed and live in 
the same general area throughout the year. Certain others may 
build up in such vast numbers that they are forced to leave their 
breeding grounds. At such times, they may travel considerable 
distances. All species have much the same life history. Nearly all 
lay their eggs in pods at depths of 1 to 3 inches in the soil in late 
summer or fall, usually in grain stubble, meadows, and along 
ditchbanks, fence rows, and roadsides. Hatching occurs in the 
South as early as February; in the Northern States, it usually 
occurs in May or June. Maturity is reached in 40 to 70 days, after 
which some adults live and feed until the onset of cold weather. 
The majority of species spend the winter in the egg stage, but a 
few overwinter as nymphs or adults, especially in the South. 
The following species may be injurious in nurseries, planta- 
tions, and shelterbelts during epidemics: (1) The lesser migratory 
grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes—the adult is about 2 mm. 
long and reddish-brown with a distinct patch of black on the neck 
or collar; (2) The differential grasshopper, M. dijfferentialis 
(Thos.)—the adult is 37-mm. long. It is yellow with contrasting 
black markings; has clear, glossy hindwings; and usually bears 
yellow and black chevron-shaped bars on the sides of the thighs 
of the hind legs. (8) The two-striped grasshopper, M. bivittatus 
(Say)—the adult is about 30 mm long. It is slighty more robust 
than the differential grasshopper and is greenish-yellow beneath, 
with two yellow stripes running the full length of the dorsum. 
(4) The red-legged grasshopper, M. femurrubrum (DeG.)—the 
adult is about 18 mm. long. It is reddish-brown above, yellowish 
beneath, has colorless hindwings, and has red-tinged hind wings. 
(5) The clear-winged grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudd.)— 
the adult is about 12 mm. long. It is yellow to brown; the front 
wings are blotched with large brown spots; and the hindwings 
are clear or pellucid. 
A few species of grasshoppers are more closely associated with 
trees than others. One, Dendrotettix quercus Pack., the post-oak 
locust, is widely distributed from east central Texas to the Lake 
States, Long Island, and southeastern Canada. Oaks are its pre- 
ferred hosts, but it has also been observed on pines in the Lake 
States. Several outbreaks have been recorded, some of which 
covered several square miles. During intervals between outbreaks, 
it is very scarce. Adults are present from June to September and 
lay their eggs in the soil in late summer. The nymphs climb the 
trees to feed. Other tree infesting species are: (1) D. australis 
(Morse)—apparently feeds exclusively on Virginia pine in the 
Southeastern States; (2) Melanoplus punctulatus (Scudd.)—has 
been observed defoliating young white pines in plantations in 
Connecticut; (8) M. bruneri Secudder—inhabits coniferous for- 
ests; and (4) the eastern lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera 
(P de B.)—feeds on shrubs in Florida and Alabama. 
